Thursday, August 27, 2020

A1 – Include a Reflective Account of the Role of the Practitioner

The job of the expert in supporting the adapting needs of kids is they need to do ordinary appraisals on their turn of events and figuring out how to distinguish their advancement and plan their following stages Beaver, et . al, (2008). The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), (2008) states that the job of the professional is significant in watching and thinking about children’s unconstrained play, expanding on this by arranging and giving a difficult situation which bolsters explicit territories of children’s learning and broadens and creates children’s language and correspondence in their play.See reference section ?. Another job of the expert is to work expertly and mindfully, for example, to fill in as a feature of the group, work with guardians and accomplices, take part in giving a situation that is inviting and animating and to meet the adapting needs of every individual kid by giving a scope of exercises and encounters Tassoni, et . al, (2007). See index ?.Another job of the specialist is to guarantee they follow the codes of training that secure the representative, these could identify with capacity of data, smoking and utilization of liquor, enrollment strategies, proficient advancement , work environment conditions, for example, perils and temperature, hazard appraisals and fairness of chance Tassoni, et . al, (2007). See informative supplement 2. Following approaches and strategies is another job of the expert they help specialists to complete duties and guarantee that everybody in the setting including youngsters, guardians, staff and different experts remain safe.Examples of arrangements are Health and Safety strategy, Equal Opportunities strategy, Behavior Management strategy and Child Protection strategy Tassoni, et . al, (2007). See reference section ?. Another job of the specialist is to ensure youngsters prosperity is at the core of all that they do and offer learning encounters suitable to the advancement stage, premiums and learning styles of every individual kid Enable early years preparing and consultancy, (2010). See informative supplement ?.Another job of the specialist is to work with and include guardians, as guardians are the individuals that realize their kid best and they will have the option to advise you regarding a specific interests the youngster appreciates, this will assist professionals with planning exercises and encounters Beaver, et . al, (2008). Addendum ?. Another job of the professional is to regarding secrecy of private data including youngsters and their families. To regard classification professionals need to keep all nformation about a kid and family sheltered and ought to put away in a bolted filling bureau or on a secret word secured PC, this is to guarantee that no data is uncovered, if data about a kid was to be unveiled it could welcome superfluous bombshell or strain on the whole family Tassoni, et . al, (2007). See reference section ?. Another job of the profession al is to meet the different needs of youngsters see reference section 51. The DCSF, (2008) states that professionals should address the issues of every individual youngster by conveyance customized learning, advancement and care to assist kids with getting the best beginning in life.It additionally says that specialists need to elevate inspirational mentalities to assorted variety and distinction with all kids. Being intelligent is another job of a professional, this implies considering successful you have been in arranging exercises or speaking with guardians. By being intelligent professionals will have the option to consider how to rehash something that has functioned admirably or how to improve for next time Tassoni, et . al, (2007). See reference section ?.Being an intelligent specialist makes you mindful of their qualities and shortcomings and distinguishing what they could do any other way. There are numerous advantages of being an intelligent specialist for both themselves a nd the youngster some incorporate; aptitudes are created, self-awareness, progressively sure advantages for the kid incorporate their individual needs are bound to be met, experts will have a more noteworthy comprehension of how to help their improvement Barber and Paul-Smith, (2009). See informative supplement ?.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

The Maya Civilisation (Central America)

The Maya Civilization secured Northern Guatemala and circumscribing territories of Mexico, Belize and Honduras (Demarest 2004). Demarest (2004) includes that this realm secured the Petã ©n rainforest. â€Å"Maya civilization’s landmarks showed unmatched accomplishment in cosmology, arithmetic, calendrics and vicious political history† (Demarest 2004, p.35).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Maya Civilisation (Central America) explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More For that reason, it is one of the most impressive and broadly contemplated antiquated human advancements. Antiquated Maya’s achievement can be followed to a solid exchange organize, mechanical advances, solid authority and significant assets, for example, salt (Conrad 2006). Then again, its unexpected breakdown was related with inside force battles, environmental change and poor financial structures (Demarest 2004). This paper gives a knowledge into the Maya Civilisa tion. Suck (2008) states that the great antiquated Maya existed somewhere in the range of 250 and 900 A. D. Subsequently, this development went on until the Spanish victory of Central America. Maya Civilization was portrayed by urban communities and states with royal residences, sanctuaries and stone landmarks (Suck 2008). Moreover, these states were governed by rulers or masters who had divine forces. As per Demarest (2004), the old Maya had a mind boggling progress made up of a great many individuals. Incredibly, this populace was continued for in excess of 2,000 years. Demarest (2004) avows that the Maya Civilization was situated on the eastern piece of the advanced Mesoamerica. Geologically, this territory covers Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and parts of Honduras (Demarest 2004). For a long time, Mexico and most pieces of Central America interfaced in exchange, triumph and different things. These associations prompted the sharing of numerous highlights over a huge topo graphical zone. The bounds of the Maya Civilization are, in this manner, argumentative since they changed with the development of social practices and customs. The antiquated Maya achieved noteworthy and convincing political, social and monetary achievement. Remarkable pre-triumph urban areas, for example, Tikal and Caracol validate this achievement (Conrad 2006). An all around created and boundless business arrange between Mayan states is refered to as one reason for this achievement. Subsequently, the antiquated Maya had unmatched exchange systems. Also, the development had made enormous walks in innovative advances (Conrad 2006). For example, ranchers utilized raised fields and rehearsed broad water system. In like manner, these advancements expanded yield and fortified the economy. Conrad (2006) includes that a portion of the Maya urban communities were blessed with significant resources.Advertising Looking for exposition on antiquated history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, salt, one of the most important things at this period, was promptly accessible. Hence, exchange including salt and different extravagances raised the profile of states and rulers inside the Maya Civilization. Moreover, a portion of the Maya states had ground-breaking warlords who could repress and catch neighboring regions. For example, Tikal, during the rule of Jaguar Paw, vanquished numerous states (Conrad 2006). As indicated by most researchers, the breakdown of the Maya Civilization is as yet begging to be proven wrong (Demarest 2004). There has been little concession to the causes and nature of this breakdown. In 800 A.D., the Maya Civilization comprised of several ground-breaking urban areas (Minster n.d.). Simultaneously, Maya culture was flourishing. Nonetheless, in 900 A.D., the human progress was in ruins. This secretive defeat can be followed to various variables. To begin with, the vast majority of th e Ancient Maya states had an adaptable arrangement of progression (Demarest 2004). Consequently, these states permitted an appropriate beneficiary to take the mantle of authority after a ruler kicked the bucket. In any case, this progression framework was exceptionally flimsy because of continuous fights for the seat. Steady wars prompted the deterioration of collusions shaped by conspicuous pioneers. In this way, flimsy elements of celebrated urban communities, for example, Tikal and Calakmul are a portion of the variables that added to the breakdown of the Maya Civilization. Diverse examinations show that unpredictable social orders are critical thinking foundations (Demarest 2004). Therefore, they offer increasingly social uniqueness, greater imbalance and more centralization. Most Maya urban areas were decentralized with networks and families assuming responsibility for some fragments of the economy. These social shortcomings added to the powerlessness of the Classic Maya states to contend with neighboring states in Mesoamerica. Neighboring states had embraced a progressively brought together methodology in which elites straightforwardly oversaw exchange, customs and fighting (Demarest 2004). Also, end of exchange courses associating states in the Maya Civilization directly affected its decrease (Conrad 2006). Decreased exchange courses implied that less exchange occurred inside the human advancement. At long last, Suck (2008) repeats that the breakdown of Maya’s focal marsh urban areas was because of inadequate farming exercises. Boundless deforestation came about into dry seasons which prompted gigantic harvest disappointments. As per Suck (2008), these dry spells were identified with environmental change achieved by natural corruption. To numerous individuals, the accomplishments of the antiquated Maya are astonishing. Thus, its decay and vanishing is a puzzle to many. In any case, the remaining parts of Maya Civilization help in understanding it s unpredictable and energetic political structure and philosophy, customs and the flimsiness that encouraged its decay (Demarest 2004). In any case, researchers have clashing proof on its breakdown. Thusly, the discussion on the decay of the Maya Civilization is as yet alive.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Maya Civilisation (Central America) explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Conrad, D 2006, The antiquated Maya: A business domain. Web. Demarest, A 2004, Ancient Maya: The ascent and fall of a rainforest civilisation, Cambridge University Press, New York. Minster, c n.d., What happened to the ancient Maya? Web. Suck, C 2008, The great Maya breakdown, Totem: The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 16, no.1. Web. This article on The Maya Civilisation (Central America) was composed and put together by client Kaitlynn Gould to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Constructing a Research Paper

Constructing a Research PaperConstructing a research paper can be daunting. You need to construct an outline of the research you will be doing, as well as the methods you will use. You need to understand how the best research methods are conducted, and what each method entails.First, create a good outline of the paper. This should contain the key points of the research you will be conducting. It is important that your outline include enough detail for you to easily convey all of the information you will be including in your research.The outline should also include questions that you will be asking yourself. You will need to take time to figure out exactly what kind of research methods you will be using. This will help you create a plan that will maximize your research. For example, if you are researching home repair tools, you may want to research how to compare each tool to other tools, as well as whether or not the tool is necessary for the job. Then, you should investigate how muc h it would cost to buy a certain tool, as well as how much you will have to pay to rent it over the course of a year.Once you know this information, you will need to choose a question to ask yourself. Each question should be related to the information you know about the topic. By following this format, you will be able to move quickly through your research. You will also be able to move from one part of the research to the next without becoming lost. If you find yourself having trouble moving quickly through your research, you may need to revise the questions you ask yourself.Next, you will need to write your body of research, which is where you will include the most important information. You may want to start by briefly describing the scope of the project. You will then need to start answering the questions you posed in your outline. After you finish your outline, you will need to start writing your body of research, which is known as the summary statement. This will include the e ntire paper and will include the whole history of the project. You will need to summarize all of the information that you have provided. This will help you remember the details of the research process and will ensure that you construct a quality research paper.Writing a research paper requires creativity. You will need to use your writing skills in order to build a strong outline, and then to build your body of research and summary statement. Your ability to craft a strong outline will depend on your level of experience in writing. Your writing skills will also depend on the topic you are writing about. If you know the details of the project you are writing about, you will be able to research and write more quickly.When you are completing a research paper, you will be able to identify your strengths and weaknesses. This will help you to find areas of weakness, and work to improve your strengths. When you are writing a research paper, you will need to make sure that the research you produce is appropriate for your audience. If you research the audience of your research paper, you will be able to better understand your audience, and will be able to produce a better research paper.

Monday, May 25, 2020

The Vinland Map 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century...

The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery? Throughout history, the discovery of an ancient artifact has always brought with it much excitement. The idea that we are able to look at something that existed so long ago intrigues us. However, along with the excitement of new discoveries, there is often much controversy. One such discovery, the Vinland Map, has been the cause of much debate since 1957. The Vinland Map, first presented to the public in 1965 in a book written by Skelton, was discovered in 1957 (Skelton 1965, p.3). In the 1960’s the map was bought and donated to Yale University where it remains today. The Vinland Map was originally thought to be a 15 th century depiction of medieval Africa, Asia, and†¦show more content†¦The first of these three methods is microscopy, used most notably by Walter C. McCrone. As defined by McCrone, microscopy is â€Å"the use of any tool or technique that allows us to identify microscopic objects.† This includes the use of the light microscope as well as more advanced types of microscopes such as the electron microscope and x-ray diffraction (McCrone 1976, p. 676 A). McCrones methods using microscopy were desirable because they allow observations to be made on small samples so that no visible damage is done to the item being tested. When testing the Vinland Map, McCrone used a small needle with rubber cement on th e tip to pick up ink particles. Particles were then observed, first using an optical stereo microscope, and then observed more closely with a series of more advanced microscopic techniques such as the electron microscope and x-ray diffraction (McCrone 1976). The second method, used by Donahue, Olin, and Harbottle in their testing of the Vinland Map is radiocarbon dating (Donahue, Olin, Harbottle, 2000). Radiocarbon dating is based on the decay of a specific carbon isotope known as 14C. All organisms contain 14C and once an organism dies, scientists are able to measure how much 14C has decayed in an organism. By measuring this rate of decay, scientists are able to date the age of an organism (Higham). Since the Vinland Map is drawn on

Friday, May 15, 2020

Environmental Sustainability Can Start With One Person Or...

Environmental sustainability can start with one person or a group of people. We can become more environmentally sustainable by using less water or turning off the power when we leave a room. How we do it isn’t the difficult part, it’s getting others to follow in our footsteps and join us in the movement to become more environmentally sustainable. A great place to start is a college campus. With potentially thousands of students on board, we could make a difference in our environment. The trick however is convincing students to turn off the light before they leave a room or even not using as much water to when they brush their teeth. I believe it is possible for Union University to become more environmentally sustainable with a little hard work and dedication. While we already have several great programs such as recycling and the rehydration stations, we could always benefit from more. One idea that may take only a minimal amount of effort would be composting. I can thin k of countless times I did not eat everything on my plate and just scraped it into the trash can, completely wasted where as all that food could have been scraped into a compost bin and taken outside to an area where students are free to compost and hundreds of pounds of food would be put to a much more environmentally friendly use. Colleges across the nation are turning to composting to not only reduce waste but to help reduce their environmental footprint. By educating students what can and can not beShow MoreRelatedAs Global Temperatures Rise And Summer Weather Meets Winter1707 Words   |  7 Pagesconcerns of sustainability are in the limelight of the political sphere. The topic of sustainability immediately sparks conversation regarding how to minimize the depletion of valuable natural resources, but the issues of sustainability concern more than only nature’s demise. The polarization of the strikingly serious issues of sustainability and climate change has created a ne ed for unity. Political parties and powerful figures have challenged the legitimacy of the changing climate, turning people againstRead MoreThe Conservation Of The Environmental Movement882 Words   |  4 PagesI decided to take action for the environmental movement because it is a big issue that impacts everyone. At first, my intent was to volunteer for an organization called â€Å"Fresh Roots†, but due to a scheduling conflict, I chose UBC Farm, which is no less essential in its impact in Vancouver’s sustainability. In theory, the environmental movement has succeeded in many of its basic goals, such as bringing attention to local and global problems, educating the public on simple sustainable actions, andRead MoreTypes Of Internal And External Influences820 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent factors effect. A person, maybe change the behavior because of one factor, and also maybe keep no change even influence all factors. To clarify all factors in detail, there are two components: internal and external influences. Starting of an internal factor which is personal, which a person change behavior only because of own mind without affect by any external factors. Example of age, different age group like baby boomers, generation X and generation Y can have totally different behaviorRead More The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility Essays1687 Words   |  7 Pageseffort to achieve sustainable economic, social environmental development throughout its operations and activities. CSR puts expectations, continuous improvement innovation at the heart of business strategies and the four dimensions of social responsibility are generally considered to be economic, legal, ethical philanthropic. 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The first reason is that small farmersRead MoreSustainable Development : Sustainable Design Essay1925 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Sustainable designs has become an important part of the modern world, many people are thinking about it but in a superficially way. In most of the cases the  ´Ã‚ ´Sustainable ´Ã‚ ´ word is related to modernism, economic efficiency, technology, etc. The reality is this term is badly used, a sustainable design is that one who try to not damage the environment, really care about the health and the comfort of those ones who will use the building (occupants), try to reduce the use of non-renewable resourcesRead MoreTata Group : A Global Leader Player1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe late Jamsetiji Tata who holds nearly 100 companies with 300 subsidiaries in 40 businesses founded Tata Group. Ratan Tata who is handling all the main contracts and has been heavily investing to shape Tata Group into a global leader player. The groups comprise seven business segments specifically: engineering, materials, communications and information technology, services, energy, consumer products and chemic als. Each company and subsidiaries functions individually and are bound by Tata Sons andRead MoreThe Current Status Of The Millennium Development Goals1386 Words   |  6 PagesCreate your own summary report One of the greatest challenges that people need to face is to eradicate extreme poverty. Even though some progress has been made, over 800 million people live on less than $1.25 USD a day. The progress that has been made has been uneven with statistics showing that more women are in need of shelter, water, and other basic needs than men. Education has proved to have a direct correlation to economic development, which is why it has become one of the Millennium DevelopmentRead MoreSustainability Guidelines For Sustainability Practices2436 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In the present, sustainability is increasingly seen as an important factor in our society, especially in organizations such as accommodation provider or tour company. According to Ullman (2009) Sustainability practice is very important, because all the actions that we make today will affect everything in the future, therefore we need to make flexible decisions at present in order to avoid some negative consequences. By adopting sustainability practices, companies are able to gain competitiveRead MoreThe Value Chain Analysis : Apple Inc.1398 Words   |  6 Pagesset of activities that a firm operating in a specific industry performs in order to deliver a valuable product or service for the market† (Michael E, 1985). 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Keystone Xl Pipeline Is The Endurance Of Todays Society

Oil is imperative to the endurance of today’s society and plays a major role in the world’s economy. The Keystone XL Pipeline is a crude oil pipeline that is designed to run from â€Å"Hardisty, Alberta†¦to Steele City, Nebraska,† (About The Project). Citizens of Canada and the United States are debating the development of the pipeline. There are two sides to this issue, to either approve or disapprove the Keystone XL Pipeline, and by researching this topic I will form an opinion. Most of the Keystone pipeline has already been put in place. According to an image, from an article in an academic journal, the oil pipeline has already been built from Hardisty, Alberta to Patoka, Illinois and to Houston, Texas. If more than half of the Keystone†¦show more content†¦Not only that, â€Å"Canada estimates†¦half a million jobs by the year 2035,† (Richardson). This will lessen the amount of people that are in extensive debt across the country. A democratic senator from Louisiana claims that the â€Å"energy jobs are not minimum wage jobs. They are not even $15-an-hour jobs. They are not even $30-an-hour jobs. They $45-an-hour jobs,† proving that the oil pipeline would dramatically improve the nation’s economy (Should Congress Vote To Authorize Construction Of The Keystone Pipeline?). Together, with the creation of jobs, is the tremendous upsurge in revenue. Earnings come from tax revenues from TransCanada and income taxes from the thousands of jobs create by this pipeline. An estimate, from the State Department environmental review, states, â€Å"that building the pipeline would contribute about $3.4 billion to the American economy,† (Davenport). The taxes collected from TransCanada from 2010 to 2014 totals $186.4 million and will only increase with the addition to the pipeline. It is discernible that the United States will only gain money from the Keystone pipeline, not lose money. TransCanada would fund, â€Å"construct, own, and operate the proposed pipeline,† leaving the U.S. government to collect the profits (Levitt). Financing for the pipeline became available when President Obama â€Å"placed the approval for the pipeline on the back burner† and TransCanada has â€Å"been able to save up enough cash to fund and build the Keystone outr ight,†

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Araby By James Joyce Essay Research Paper 2 free essay sample

? Araby? By James Joyce Essay, Research Paper Love at a immature age is merely an compulsion. As kids, our first relationships are object relationships. The people we like aren # 8217 ; t people ; they are objects of our compulsion, and our compulsions are driven by amour propre and self-love. We are obsessed with what we consider an ideal, something we create. The chief character in the short narrative # 8220 ; Araby # 8221 ; by James Joyce is a immature male child that looks at every event in his life through egotistic eyes. He thinks he is in love with a miss, but in world, he is obsessed by his ideas and his ideal. In the narrative, the male child lives in a place that one time belonged to a priest that passed off. While looking around the house, the supporter notices a few books, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the pages of which were curled and moistnesss: The Abbot, by Walter Scott, The Devout Communicant, and The Memoirs of Vidocq. We will write a custom essay sample on Araby By James Joyce Essay Research Paper 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I liked the last because it # 8217 ; s foliages were yellow. # 8221 ; This shows the reader how the male child is driven by amour propre. He isn # 8217 ; T concerned at all about the contents of the books, but alternatively by what the books looked liked. Because of our he ro’s vernal self-love, his thought of beauty determines what he likes. The male child neer mentions his ain name, or that of the miss. It # 8217 ; s as if her name International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t even of import, and that she is merely the object of his compulsion. Our hero merely refers to the miss as Managan # 8217 ; s sister. He has created an ideal and is in love with his phantasy, non the existent miss. In every case our hero sees the miss, # 8220 ; # 8230 ; her figure # 8230 ; # 8221 ; is # 8220 ; defined by the light # 8230 ; # 8221 ; This is a perfect illustration of how the male child is preoccupied with his ain thought of beauty. Managan # 8217 ; s sister is the centre of our hero # 8217 ; s every idea. He thinks about her and obsesses over her invariably, no affair where he is or what he does. He is non concerned about who the miss is, but instead is image of her. The supporter says, # 8220 ; Her image accompanied me even in topographic points the most hostile to romance. # 8221 ; He so describes an unusual topographic point to believe of her, yet the male child is still surrounded by her image while he is at that place. He even finds himself # 8220 ; praising her # 8221 ; as if she is some kind of God. The supporter was in love with something he created ; his ideal

Sunday, April 12, 2020

A World Not Neatly Divided Example

A World Not Neatly Divided Example A World Not Neatly Divided – Book Report/Review Example A World Not Neatly Divided Analysis: A World Not Neatly Divided is a well written essay by Amartya Sen in which the has discussed the idea that world is divided into different cultural diversities and civilizations. Sen has highlighted the fact that this man-made division is made on the basis of culture and civilization which are not the only components on which a separation line can be marked. Every civilization and culture has its roots deeply attached to another one. To prove his stance, Sen has stated the example of cultural diversity in India with the examples of emperors like Akbar and Aurangzeb. India is a culturally diverse country with different religious groups but still Muslims are considered as minorities in the region despite their presence in a large number. These man-made divisions are responsible for creating discrimination and hostile attitude towards one another. The process of establishing world peace can be disharmonized if we continued to expand this separation o n the basis of different elements. I agree with the author’s point that we can come over different conflicts which are based on race, religion, cast and other differences by realizing the fact that nationalism and humanity are fundamental elements in establishing peaceful relations with other neighboring countries. This essay represents an organized approach on author’s argumentative points. The author lacks the ability to influence the minds of the readers. According to me classification of people on the basis of different elements always leads to series of conflicts and issues but we humans tend to do it over and over again. We cannot classify a person or a nation on the basis of just one element. We need to see how many elements are there which makes a country different and rich in diversity. Here I can relate the example of a country like United States which holds different cultures and different nationalities and despite this diversity; America has maintained peac e and harmony within its society among all the groups. The groups of elements are responsible for the classification however we cannot blame a single component for this separation. Here we can give the example of America, where bilingualism is considered as an opportunity for the non-English speakers to learn English in order to integrate themselves in American Culture (Robert Gracia). Sometimes, cultural diversity can bring the nations or the groups together to understand each other in a better way and to make their learning from one another. Work Cited:Gracia, R. Bilingual Education Means Equal Opportunity. New York Times (1989) Retrieved from nytimes.com/1989/08/18/opinion/l-bilingual-education-means-equal-opportunity-513289.html?src=pm on April 24th 2012Sen, A. A World Not Neatly Divided. New York Times (2001) Retrieved from nytimes.com/2001/11/23/opinion/a-world-not-neatly-divided.html on April 24th 2012

Tuesday, March 10, 2020

Literature review The graduation and unemployment difficulties of adolescents with learning and behaviour disabilities

Literature review The graduation and unemployment difficulties of adolescents with learning and behaviour disabilities Introduction Among the significant percentage of people in the world suffering from various disabilities are adolescents in secondary schools, post-secondary institutions and colleges as well as those in employment. Two of the major disabilities affecting students are: learning disability and behaviour disability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review: The graduation and unemployment difficulties of adolescents with learning and behaviour disabilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Grenwelge, Zhang and Landmark (2010), defines leaning disability as inability of one of the primary or learning processes such as writing, spelling and reading is not functioning as effectively as it is supposed to. On the other hand, emotional or behavioural disability has been defined as a condition characterized by extreme emotional change leading to persistent behavioural change. These two conditions can adversely affect educational performance amongst the students, as well as career performance for the employed adolescents. A learning disability for example causes young children difficulty in achieving success in education, despite the fact that they can perform some tasks very effectively. This study explores the difficulties experienced by young adolescents with the two disabilities defined above, with the aim of coming up with effective strategies make the situation better for them. This literature review separately focuses on the two categorical difficulties faced by the young adolescents: negative outcome of graduation and negative outcome in employment (Al-Yagon, 2011). Graduation Negative Outcomes According to Hamzah, Subramaniam and Abdullah (2009), statistics indicate that in 2003 alone, there was a 10% high school dropout in the US, a larger portion of which was made up of students with disabilities. This is an indication that a large percentage of students with behavioural and learning d isability do not get to graduate from high school. There are a number of factors that lead to this. One of the causes of high school dropout of this group of students is the feeling of being out of place (Kemp, 2006). Students with learning and behavioural disability give up easily on high school education because they may feel that no one is there for them to identify with them and care for them. Most of the time they could be secure knowing that there is an elderly person to help them in making decisions when they cannot make them on their own. For example, learning disability is believed to be as a result of the inability of the nervous system to coordinate properly.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This causes a challenge in reception, processing and communication of basic information. This means that sometimes students suffering this disability cannot make important deci sions that affect their future, thus they need someone to look up to during such moments. Secondly, students with such disabilities are prone to be involved in risky behavior. According to Mihandoost (2011), students having learning disability may choose to be involved in risky behaviour in order to substitute the thought of being â€Å"stupid† with being â€Å"bad†. The result of such behaviour is suspension from school or poor academic performance, eventually resulting in failure to graduate. Poor academic performance especially for students with learning disabilities may result from lack of consistence in their knowledge. For example, a learning disability student may read and comprehend a topic well, but fail to do an examination on the same topic because that student cannot write what he knows. The end result is that this student won’t be able to graduate because he couldn’t pass his examinations (Kemp, 2006). Just like other students, learning and b ehavioural disability students undergo a lot of stress in life. Unlike other students, the students with these disabilities cannot withstand that much stress. This is why they reach a point where they disregard the value of post-secondary education in their future. The result of this is that they drop out and they don’t get to graduate (Sinclair, Christenson, Thurlow, 2005). Self-esteem is important in the academic performance of any student. There is a tendency of disabled students to lose their self-esteem when they face frustrations from themselves and from the surrounding people. This group of students will work so hard to achieve certain goals, but they are emotionally battered when they don’t achieve the goals. This leads to a rise in frustration and an eventual loss of interest in academics (Horowitz, 2009). Another factor that affects the graduation of students with disabilities is the lack of proper accommodation in schools. According to Reschly and Christens on (2006), research has shown that colleges and universities are increasing the efforts to provide necessary facilities to accommodate students with disabilities. Despite these effort, statistics carried out by NCES indicated that 20% of students in colleges who admitted to be having learning disabilities claimed that they were not receiving proper accommodation in their studies. Research has sadly shown that these students are made to feel out of place by some institutions. These are institutions which view students with disabilities as a cause of distractions for other â€Å"normal† students, thus the institutions have no place for such students. To make the situation even worse, sometimes the society does not think that these young people have any need for education; hence they don’t bother to support them in education. This leads to dropout before they graduate (Sin, Francis, Cook, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review: The graduation and unemployment difficulties of adolescents with learning and behaviour disabilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unemployment Negative Outcomes The challenges experienced by young adolescents with learning and behavioural disabilities do not stop at the learning level. Even those who manage to graduate despite the many hindrances still face difficulty in the job market as a result of their disability. The challenges experienced in institutions of learning have a direct impact on the performance of young disabled people in different careers. Most of these people enter the job market with insufficient skills attained at the post-secondary institutions. This puts them in a very stiff position where they cannot compete favourably with others in the job market. The outcome is that they end up missing the positions of employment (Groce, 2004). According to George and Kidd (2011), some companies become hesitant to hire disable d people due to social prejudice as well as lack of confidence in their ability. Therefore, they rarely employ these people. Another cause of unemployment among young people with learning and behavioural disabilities is limitation in skills. Due to lack of proper coordination, this group of people has a limited choice of career, leading to limited skills. This makes it very hard and takes them very long to find relevant employment in their training field (Nind, Flewitt, Payler, 2010). According to the research conducted by Lehr and Lange (2003), some of the employees with learning and behavioural disabilities admit that their disability hampers them from using the most recent, common and effective technologies in their organizations. These employees are at a risk of being laid off their job for others who can use such technologies. Others disabled employees simply quit their jobs because they cannot cope with the conditions in these places in terms of accommodation for the workers with such disabilities. More research needs to be conducted to explore ways in which such organizations can come up with proper accommodation for workers with disabilities (Mallett, Stoddard-Dare, Workman-Crewnshaw, 2011). The same research also shows that most of the young employees who have learning, behavioural and other disabilities choose to hide these disabilities from their employers and workmates. The major reason for making this choice is fear of stigmatization discrimination in the work place.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research also indicates that the employees choose to hide the disabilities because there is a possibility that the employers will monitor them more closely with the anticipation of a mistake in their work, which makes it hard for them to cope as well as to avoid being fired (Maehler, Schuchardt, 2011). Finally, the study of Repetto et al. (2010), indicates that most of the people with learning disability at the job market cope with the conditions depending on their past experiences in secondary and post-secondary institutions. These experiences include self-esteem level, treatment by others as well as the academic skills obtained. Conclusion It can be concluded that there are many challenges that young adolescents with learning and behavioural disabilities face, both in attaining graduation and in search of employment. In line with the National Council on Disability (2004), there is a need to increase effort to ensure that many students in this disability group not only graduat e, but also find comfortable employment. Further research is therefore necessary to explore ways in which these conditions can be improved. References Al-Yagon, M. (2011). Fathers Emotional Resources and Childrens Socioemotional and Behavioral Adjustment among Children with Learning Disabilities. Journal of Child Family Studies, 20(5), 569-584. George, C., Kidd, G. (2011). Effectiveness of a parent training programme adapted for children with a learning disability. Learning Disability Practice, 14(8), 18- 24. Grenwelge, C., Zhang, D., Landmark, L. (2010). Comprehensive Leadership Training for Youth with Disabilities. Teaching Exceptional Children, 42(4), 62- 68. Groce, E.N. (2004). Adoloscents and Youth with Disability: Issues and Challenges. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Jourrnal, 15(2), 13-32. Hamzah, M., Subramaniam, V., Abdullah, S. (2009). Effectiveness of the selected techniques in enhancing the achievement in science among the children with learning disabilities: Sharing experiences. US-China Education Review, 6(9), 67-84. Horowitz, S.H. (2009). Behavioral and Learning Disabilities. Web. Kemp, S. (2006). Dropout Policies and Trends for Students with and Without Disabilities. Adolescence, 41(162), 235-250. Lehr, C., Lange, C. (2003). Alternative Schools Serving Students With and Without Disabilities: What Are the Current Issues and Challenges? Preventing School Failure, 47(2), 59. Maehler, C., Schuchardt, K. (2011). Working Memory in Children with Learning Disabilities: Rethinking the criterion of discrepancy. International Journal of Disability, Development Education, 58(1), 5-17. Mallett, C., Stoddard-Dare, P., Workman-Crewnshaw, L. (2011). Special Education Disabilities and Juvenile Delinquency: A Unique Challenge for School Social Work. School Social Work Journal, 36(1), 26-40. Mihandoost, Z. (2011). The Survey of Correlate Causes of Learning Disabilities Prevalence among Elementary Students. Asian Social Science, 7(7), 194- 198. Nat ional Council on Disability. (2004). Improving Educational Outcomes for Students with Disabilities. Web. Nind, M., Flewitt, R., Payler, J. (2010). The social experience of early childhood for children with learning disabilities: inclusion, competence and agency. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 31(6), 653-670. Repetto, J. et al. (2010). Virtual High Schools: Improving Outcomes for Students with Disabilities. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 11(2), 91-104. Reschly, A., Christenson, S. (2006). Prediction of Dropout among Students with Mild Disabilities: A Case for the Inclusion of Student Engagement Variables. Remedial Special Education, 27(5), 276-292. Sin, C., Francis, R., Cook, C. (2010). Access to and experience of child and adolescent mental health services: barriers to children and young people with learning disabilities and their families. Mental Health Review Journal, 15(1), 20-28. Sinclair, M., Christenson, S., Thurlow, M. (2005). Promoting School Comple tion of Urban Secondary Youth with Emotional or Behavioral Disabilities. Exceptional Children, 71(4), 465-482.

Sunday, February 23, 2020

Education study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education study - Essay Example Politicians have long been involved in this practice. A good example would be Mitt Romney, a man widely criticized for supporting a policy that calls for English only while simultaneously running commercials in Spanish dialect. This paper will provide insights on the controversies that surround political influence in languages. It explains why these controversies are still relevant. Afar from symbolism, promotion of any language in favor of others can be termed as fundamentally political. This American example forms a strong point of reference to such political language controversies. It would be to some extent right to say that the U.S is probably the home to countless bilingual speaking persons than any other nation on the globe. Culture diversity and linguistics has been extensive for more than two centuries owed to the fact that immigrants settled here from all walks and carried along their language, values and culture. However, regardless of the multiplicity of languages here, there are no limitations to the importance accorded to the common language. There has been a dominant, the colonizers’, language that has advanced to a variety referred to as a Standard American English’s emergence that incorporates native words and conjures its unique spelling and accent (Crawford 145). Those we call the founding fathers made it deliberate to leave designation in the United States of English as an official language mostly probably because it might not have occurred to them given that decision making was actively avoided in an attempt to accord respect to the national diversities. However, this idea has always been considered hostile to interdependence and interests of respective states brooding a tolerant attitude to be favorable. It was not until the 1980s that the anti-minority politics demanded its protection whilst restricting other languages. Political arenas had not taken up the language issues from the

Friday, February 7, 2020

What do you understand by the notion of a learning community Essay

What do you understand by the notion of a learning community Critically examine how learning communities facilitate effective learning - Essay Example In this essay, the various views and their effectiveness is also explored with relation to Dynamic Community Learning and different views from various studies relating to psychology, cognitive learning and teaching by different authors. It is observed that community learning as a tool for learning is gaining popularity and the various advantages in a complex and innovative environments at both the educational institutions and the modern workplace can gain immensely from this approach. While Instructional Design focuses on the learning, the Dynamic Community Learning approach focuses on the self-paced learner needs. Different books and journals have been studied to understand the use and effectiveness of dynamic learning communities in educational institutions as well as corporate workplaces. To learn a particular skill or research a particular topic of interest, the concept of learning communities has enabled an understanding of the complex process of contextual and situational learning. As against the traditional learning method of instructional design learning where learning is dependant on the effectiveness of teaching by the instructor, dynamic learning offers a range advantages that are found to be more in favour of the complex contexts that learning has to be based to arrive at unique and innovative solutions. The positive and negative aspects of dynamic learning communities and their approaches towards effective learning are observed by studying the various observations by Psychologists, Educators and other authors. According to Carnell and Lodge, it is observed that in community learni ng the various multi-dimensional needs of the learners are considered and catered to, for effectiveness in the learning outcome. Learning itself is dependant on the problem context, and the problem, approach and the outcome change within

Wednesday, January 29, 2020

The method that supermarkets can employ Essay Example for Free

The method that supermarkets can employ Essay One method that supermarkets can employ to keep a competitive edge in the market share while competing with the larger supercenters is to appeal to the information-savvy customer by installing new technologically-advanced equipment. Examples of these include electronic shelving labels that are linked to backroom computers and automatically update price changes. Changes in pricing are updated automatically, thus delivering ethical information to the consumer in a timely fashion. Another way of keeping customers happy, and thus repeat customers, is updating customers’ hand-held devices or mobile phones upon entering the store with updated information about current specials, providing the consumer with relevant and valuable information. Another strategy is to employ customer relationship management solutions and loyalty programs. Research has shown that for most supermarkets, the top 30 percent of supermarket’s customer base accounts for 75 percent of their sales. Effective customer relationship programs will find ways to best appeal to the top 30 percent of their customers, and brainstorm ways to nourish and strengthen consumer relationships. As technology advances, many supermarket chains are discovering that their current Point-Of-Service (POS) technology is antiquated. The older technology will cripple supermarkets from gaining a competitive edge on the market share. Therefore, successful supermarket chains must maintain newer operating systems, with â€Å"plug and play† capability, that offer flexibility, self-management, self-diagnosis, and self-correction. The newer technology will offer a better shopping experience for the customer, and a competitive advantage for the retailer. Staying above the technology curve keeps consumers ethically informed of price changes and current inventory, and keeps a culturally diverse population happy with up-to-date information delivered in a relevant and sophisticated fashion. In 2002, the Coca-Cola Retailing Research Council commissioned a study of emerging trends in the supermarket industry. One finding indicates that supermarkets are increasingly tapping into the growing potential of America’s ethnic grocery shoppers. Supermarkets are implementing marketing and merchandising strategy to appeal to targeted groups of African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian-Americans, which comprise 1/3 of the total American population. This report, titled, â€Å"Grow with America: Best Practices in Ethnic Merchandising,† is filled with over 120 interviews with business owners and managers of chain supermarkets, independent grocery stores, food distributors, and food manufacturers. The study revealed that part of capturing the market share of grocery consumers is targeting and appealing to ethnic customers. Capturing the demographics of consumers can be successfully integrated into the customer relationship management policy of the supermarket chain or independent retailer. A few successful programs that supermarkets are currently using to appeal to the ethnic shopper are customized product assortment, strategies in merchandising, creating a store culture through signage, community outreach, language, community relations strategies, maintaining diverse staffing, and cultivating a diversity philosophy. This study was produced by a leading ethnic marketing research company and a marketing consulting firm specializing in ethnic markets. Together, these two companies conducted extensive research over the course of one year to compile existing research and interview leading executives and merchandisers in the supermarket industry.

Monday, January 20, 2020

T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land - The Most Influential Work in Modern Liter

T.S. Eliot’s "The Waste Land" - The Most Influential Work in Modern Literature T.S. Eliot’s "The Waste Land" is considered by many to be the most influential work in modern literature. First published in 1922, it captures the feelings and sentiments of modern culture after World War I. Line thirty of "The Waste Land," "I will show you fear in a handful of dust," is often viewed as a symbol of mankind’s fear of death and resulting love of life. Eliot’s masterpiece—with its revolutionary ideas—inspired writers of his era, and it continues to affect writers even today. In the first two lines of "The Waste Land," Eliot says, "April is the cruellest month, breeding/Lilacs out of the dead land" (l. 1-2). Eliot shows the connection between death (emptiness) and life (fulfillment). Flowers and trees awaken and grow after the long, harsh winter months. The plants receive nutrients—and life—from the decayed remains of past vegetation. Yulisa Maddy’s No Past No Present No Future begins with the same ideas of new life beginning out of death. Joe Bengoh, after witnessing the fire that destroys his house, mumbles, "My parents dead?" (3). His callous words hardly conceal his true feelings of contempt for his parents. Joe’s suppressed jubilation is apparent in his next few thoughts. He thinks that, after the tragic death of his parents, Father O’Don will surely accept him at the mission house. In an attempt to make himself look troubled and distraught, Joe sticks his finger into his mouth and then rubs his eyes. Joe "kept on d oing this until his eyes went red and felt as if he had been crying" (6). Joe ends up being accepted to the mission house, and he becomes inseparable from his new friends, Ade John and Santigie Bombolai. Joe’s new, positi... ...ecognize these changes in his work. The works of Ernest Hemmingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald follow Eliot’s, and America’s, ideas and trends. Hemmingway’s A Farewell to Arms (1929) also deals with World War I and the modern ideas toward sex. Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) portrays the alcoholism and sexual promiscuity of the Jazz Age. In No Past No Present No Future, The "Brothers Three" use alcohol and drugs quite frequently, and they all tended to sleep around as well. The revolutionary ideas described in Eliot’s "The Waste Land" influenced many great writers in the past and continue to have an impact on authors today. Works Consulted Bible, The. New International Version. Zondervan: Grand Rapids, 1996. Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land, Prufrock and Other Poems. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1998. Maddy, Yulisa Amadu. No Past No Present No Future. Oxford: Heinemann, 1996. T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land - The Most Influential Work in Modern Liter T.S. Eliot’s "The Waste Land" - The Most Influential Work in Modern Literature T.S. Eliot’s "The Waste Land" is considered by many to be the most influential work in modern literature. First published in 1922, it captures the feelings and sentiments of modern culture after World War I. Line thirty of "The Waste Land," "I will show you fear in a handful of dust," is often viewed as a symbol of mankind’s fear of death and resulting love of life. Eliot’s masterpiece—with its revolutionary ideas—inspired writers of his era, and it continues to affect writers even today. In the first two lines of "The Waste Land," Eliot says, "April is the cruellest month, breeding/Lilacs out of the dead land" (l. 1-2). Eliot shows the connection between death (emptiness) and life (fulfillment). Flowers and trees awaken and grow after the long, harsh winter months. The plants receive nutrients—and life—from the decayed remains of past vegetation. Yulisa Maddy’s No Past No Present No Future begins with the same ideas of new life beginning out of death. Joe Bengoh, after witnessing the fire that destroys his house, mumbles, "My parents dead?" (3). His callous words hardly conceal his true feelings of contempt for his parents. Joe’s suppressed jubilation is apparent in his next few thoughts. He thinks that, after the tragic death of his parents, Father O’Don will surely accept him at the mission house. In an attempt to make himself look troubled and distraught, Joe sticks his finger into his mouth and then rubs his eyes. Joe "kept on d oing this until his eyes went red and felt as if he had been crying" (6). Joe ends up being accepted to the mission house, and he becomes inseparable from his new friends, Ade John and Santigie Bombolai. Joe’s new, positi... ...ecognize these changes in his work. The works of Ernest Hemmingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald follow Eliot’s, and America’s, ideas and trends. Hemmingway’s A Farewell to Arms (1929) also deals with World War I and the modern ideas toward sex. Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) portrays the alcoholism and sexual promiscuity of the Jazz Age. In No Past No Present No Future, The "Brothers Three" use alcohol and drugs quite frequently, and they all tended to sleep around as well. The revolutionary ideas described in Eliot’s "The Waste Land" influenced many great writers in the past and continue to have an impact on authors today. Works Consulted Bible, The. New International Version. Zondervan: Grand Rapids, 1996. Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land, Prufrock and Other Poems. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1998. Maddy, Yulisa Amadu. No Past No Present No Future. Oxford: Heinemann, 1996.

Sunday, January 12, 2020

Hybrid Cars

Hybrid cars are the transportation of the future. Humans have been driving around since the 1880’s. They started off as simple, one-cylinder machines, to today, where they are twelve cylinder animals. From fuel-efficient coupes, to gas guzzling SUVs, or even the ultra expensive supercars, all use gasoline. The use of this gasoline makes or breaks the selling point of the car. We base the cars off of their utility; the gas-guzzlers may be the ones with the most torque and pulling power, but the gas savers protect the environment and maybe save a few pennies in the pocket.Overall, the controversy is whether hybrid cars are really that much better than their all gas counterparts. Hybrid cars may save the environment from fuel emissions, but they do not save the driver nay substantial amount of money overall. The basics of a hybrid car are pretty easy, but the complexity comes with comparing them to all gasoline cars. The main aspect of a hybrid car is the engine. In normal gasoli ne cars there is only one engine, but in hybrid cars there is one gasoline engine and one electric engine. The two engines work in harmony; if the electric engine runs out of power the gasoline engine charges it.This process saves money on gas. Typically, a hybrid car get around 48-60 miles per gallon. This is a lot of mileage compared to most gasoline cars, which average about 18-26 miles per gallon. In addition to getting more gas mileage, hybrid cars cut down on fuel emissions. This can be illustrated by this graph: Another important aspect of a hybrid car is actually when it is coming to a stop. In a plain old car all of the energy and momentum that had been gained through accelerating is lost when braking. This makes city travel rather inefficient. Hybrids fix this; they capture breaking energy and use it to charge the battery.This not only saves fuel but also has less wear and tear on the break pads. In the same ballpark as the breaking, the engine saves fuel by turning off an d on often. When a hybrid vehicle comes to a complete stop the engine turns off and saves energy. It then restarts and turns back on once the accelerator is pressed. By doing this, energy is not wasted through idling. Utilizing the electric engine, it creates a boost for the combustion engine paired with it. This allows a smaller, less clunky, and more efficient engine to be used. Overall, the differences of the hybrid car make for a new technological driving experience.The value of a hybrid car is based off of its practicality. Does it really do what it says it does? Does it save me any money on gas? Does it function to cut down on emissions? Is it worth the extra money? Well here’s some information: a Honda Civic gets around 36 miles per gallon, a typical hybrid costs around $19,000-$25,000, a typical gas vehicle costs around $14,000-$17,000. The price difference comes from the complexity in the process of building the car. Also, not only affecting the price, the production of the car creates plenty of emissions and a whole bunch of energy. This puts â€Å"zero emission vehicles† to sleep.Creating another question, â€Å"Are all of these statistics true? † The production of hybrid cars has almost solely come from foreign countries, such as japan and China. Only recently have American companies been trying to dip their hand into the hybrid pool. Overall, the American creation of hybrids has only been poor attempts just to put their name out there in the market. Doing this is focusing on adding to their all gas cars because they also promote fuel efficiency. The drawbacks are clear and make the pros not quite outweigh the cons in the end. The wheel-to-well aspect put the nail in the coffin for hybrid cars.Focusing on the entire production, the process cancels its strives for efficiency by its complexity. Also, the argument for â€Å"zero emissions† is also false due to the process to create the car itself. Finally, the fuel usage ma y be a bit better then typical gas vehicles; it does not cancel out the immense price jump to the hybrid. This makes the price of the car not worth it, and much more favorable to buy it gas counterpart. Overall, the verdict is that a hybrid car does not really do that much for the driver except for its major selling points, â€Å"It’s a green, new technology! †

Saturday, January 4, 2020

Pros And Disadvantages Of The Internet - 1250 Words

The Internet is a beneficial tool that an immeasurable amount of people use. Some see it as source of entertainment. Others might see it as a way to get quick information or a good place to share ideas and opinions. As amazing as the internet is, could it really have a downfall or disadvantage? With always improving technology like the internet around, people find it hard to just sit down and look through a book or even flip through a magazine. The internet has so much to offer. To some it may seem like it has way more than books can give, but we shouldn’t just throw out books because the internet has better technology. â€Å"Karp, Friedman, and Davis -- all well-educated men with keenness for writing -- seem fairly sanguine about the decay of†¦show more content†¦Access to the internet is becoming easier and utilization of mobile devices has made it more frequently used. The website also says Social networking is one of the most popular online activities. Socializing with friends and sharing ideas and online shopping are amongst the most popular reasons for internet usage. So does all this use of the internet affect how we learn? A website article on CNET.com called The internet can make you smarter experts says†¦ talks about how just general scanning and use of the internet can improve reading and writing skills. While many agree that using websites like google or wikipedia are very useful. Others don’t really think they live up to the hype. Critics of websites like google say that the quick information makes us â€Å"intellectually lazy†. It also says that it lowers our abilities to concentrate. Some even say that it will both make us intelligent and also unintelligent. That we will have complex systems for both difficult and simple task. It just depends on what the person does with that technology. Another question to ask is how has the development of the internet changed us? The internet has changed everything about us says an article called How the Internet Has Changed Everyday Life. Just think about common task that are done throughout the day. Like looking at the news. Maybe a while ago it was normal to go and pick up a newspaper for news, or write a letter to communicate. Or maybe actually going to a store to shopShow MoreRelatedThe Advantage of VPN Security and Design735 Words   |  3 Pagesis one of the popular technologies to accomplish these goals. According to Tyson and Crawford, a VPN is a private network that uses the Internet to connect remote sites or users together. By using a VPN, an organization ensures security that non-authenticated user can intercept the encrypted data. 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