Grammar translation method Essay

Both the grammar translation method and communicative language teaching are teaching methods for acquiring a foreign language. Whereas the grammar translation method focuses on the translation of certain grammar rules and the translation of vocabulary, the communicative approach aims for acquiring the skill of communication for the learner Scrivener (2011). Both methods are effective in their own way, although the communicative approach focuses on the actual goal of language, namely communication between human beings. In this essay the grammar translation method and the communicative approach will be compared and contrasted, laying special emphasis on the assertion that the communicative approach is more effective for the learning and understanding of a foreign language than the grammar translation method. First of all, a remarkable difference in language usage is noticeable when comparing the two methods. While the grammar translation method exclusively uses the learner’s mother tongue, the communicative approach uses nothing else but the actual target language. With the use of the mother tongue, it is easier to understand grammar and meaning of words. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). This is a required skill to decipher written texts. When only using the foreign language, the level of oral communication increases. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). To find out which of both outcomes has a bigger value, it needs to be clear what the original goal of language is. Communicating is a required skill to survive. Oral communication is something that dates from the origin of the human kind. The invention of written language is a lot more recent. (Bright, W. (n.d). This proves that language is originally used for communication. Given this point, there can be concluded that the outcome of the communicative approach has bigger value to language’s actual goal.  In contrast, a really attractive feature on th e grammar translation method is its easily understandable explanation of grammar, words and phrases. Because of the fact that all the explanation happens in the mother tongue, it is easy for the learner to understand what is being said. Also, learners acquire a better capacity of understanding synonyms in the foreign language, due to the fact that they have already learned the meaning. Secondly, the communication between teacher and learner is flawless. Since the teacher and the learner speak the same language, the teacher can easily verify whether the pupils have learned what is just explained. (Fitriyanti, R. (2011).  Within the communicative approach, the communication between student and teacher is a lot more difficult and tedious in the beginning, which has to do with the use of target language only. However, the communication between teacher and learner is from much more value as the learner becomes more familiar with the foreign language (Abradi, C. (n.d). Because of goal aimed teaching in communicative language teaching, the communicative competence improves quickly (this will be explained later). What this says is that the tedious communication at the beginning can better be seen as a learning moment, rather than a disadvantage. Thirdly, in both methods there is a completely different way of acquiring skills. With the grammar translation method the students are supposed to learn the rules about the target language when sitting down and listening to their teacher. Grammar structures are explained and vocabulary is taught through word lists with a translation. The learner’s practice to apply what they’ve learned exists out of exercises where the learner needs to translate sentences or texts from the native to the target language and the other way around. (Rahlmi, M. (2009). Thus, this is a rather passive way of learning. The communicative language teaching lessons are quite different. These lessons contain meaningful activities in which the learner is required to interact. The activities are based on the interest of the learner to boost learning motivation. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). So, whereas the grammar translation method is rather passive, communicative language teaching is quite active. Passive learning is not really effective for the learner. (Ebbens, S (2013) states that a much better result of learning is caused by (inter)active practice. To go on, the teacher’s role is quite different in both methods. With the grammar translation method, the teacher is basically the guide for the learning process. The method is teacher centred, which means that the class focuses just on the explanation of the teacher. The role of the teacher here is to provide information to the students (Fitriyanti, R. (2011). â€Å"Teachers in communicative classrooms will find themselves talking less and listening more–becoming active facilitators of their students’ learning (Larsen-Freeman, 1986)† The communicative approach is a student centred method. Although the teacher sets up the exercise, it is the learner’s performance which fills up most of the lesson (Orellana. (2007). The  learning process is less effective when the teacher does most work in the classroom (teacher centred method) instead of the students doing most work in the classroom. (student centred method) (Ebbens, S (2013). A fifth issue, on which the two methods can be compared and contrasted on, is its historical background. The fact that learners of the grammar translation method are not able to produce comprehensive output in the form of oral communication, became evident in the years 1939 until 1945 (World War II) when the grammar translation method was not teaching students the foreign language effectively enough to communicate with allies or to understand the communications of the enemy, which was required to survive. When this occurred, a new approach appeared known as the audio lingual method which was based on structuralism and (The Grammar-Translation Method, n.d,). In 1957 the audio lingual method was criticised by the prominent linguist Noam Chomsky for its inability to teach learners to creatively apply language (Rhalmi, M. (2009). Partly because of this criticism, during the 60s of the 20th century, commutative language teaching was introduced in the classroom. (Rhalmi, M. (2009). This states that communicative language teaching was invented as a reaction on an alternative method for the grammar translation method. Thus, the communicative approach is actually already a more modern and adapted method of teaching the core goal language has. To summarise the main points mentioned in this essay; The difference of language usage in both methods, the advantage in language usage of both methods, the way of acquiring skills in both methods, the teacher and students role, and the historical background of both methods. These points given, I can conclude that the communicative approach of teaching a language is more effective to teach the learner language’s original goal, communication, than the grammar translation method. Although, if one is talking about comprehensive output in the form of letters and/or written text translations, the grammar translation method is superior to the communicative approach. Bibliography Rhalmi, M. (2009). Communicative Language Teaching (The Communicative Approach). Available: http://www.myenglishpages.com/blog/communicative-language-teaching-communicative-approach/. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Bright, W. (n.d). What’s the Difference between Speech and Writing?.Available: http://www.linguisticsociety.org//resource/whats-difference-between-speech-and-writing. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Rahlmi, M. (2009). Grammar Translation Method. Available: http://www.myenglishpages.com/blog/grammar-translation-method/. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Fitriyanti, R. (2011). Grammar Translation Method. Available: http://novaekasari09.wordpress.com/2011/06/12/grammar-translation-method/. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Abradi, C. (n.d). Advantages and disadvantages of communicative language teaching. Available: https://www.academia.edu/4743392/Communicative_Language_Teaching_theories_lesson_plan_and_application. Last accessed 05/06/2014. Orellana. (2007). The Communicative Approach in English as a Foreign Language Teaching Leer mà ¡s: http://www.monografias.c om/trabajos18/the-communicative-approach/the-communicative-approach.shtml#how#ixzz33uLe7fXe.Available: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos18/the-communicative-approach/the-communicative-approach.shtml#how. Last accessed 07/06/2014. The Grammar-Translation Method. (n.d). Available: http://hlr.byu.edu/methods/content/text/grammar-text.htm. Last accessed 02/06/2014. Scrivener (2011). Learning Teaching. 3rd ed. Londen: Macmillian. 31-32. Ebbens, S (2013). Effectief leren. Houten: Noordhoff uitgevers.

Understanding The Stereochemistry Of Organic Compounds Environmental Sciences Essay

Stereoisomers are defined as molecules of indistinguishable atomic composings ( molecular expression ) , but with different adhering agreements of atoms or orientation of their atoms in infinite. Based on this definition, several types of isomerism are possible including constitutional, configurational, and conformational isomerism. Constitutional isomers ( besides called structural or positional isomers ) are molecules with the same atomic composing but different adhering agreements between atoms, as illustrated by theexamples of catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone. All of these compounds have the same atomic composing ( C6H6O2 ) , but different adhering agreements of atoms and are therefore distinguishable chemical entities with different chemical and physical belongingss. Stereochemistry ( from the the Greek stereos, intending solid ) refers to chemistry in three dimensions. Since most molecules are three dimension, stereochemistry, infact, prevade all chemical science. It is non so much a subdivision of the topic as a point of position, and wheather one choose to take this point of position in any given state of affairs depends on the job one wants to work out and on the tools one has available to work out it. We factorize stereochemistry into its ststic and dynamic aspects.STATIC stereochemistry ( better called stereochemistry of molecules ) trades with the numeration of stereoisomer, with their construction, with their energy and with their physical and most of their spectral belongings. DYNAMIC stereochemistry ( stereochemistry of reaction ) deals with the stereochemical demand and stereochemical result of chemical reactions, including interconversion of conformational isomerms. If we represent the undermentioned fanciful molecule with no stereochemistry, there is nil seemingly particular about it: However, if we represent it to the full, including the place of atoms in infinite, it becomes evident that the description above is obscure, as it encompasses two molecules ; those below: This is what stereochemistry is we can specify compounds into many manner and can besides arise many new compouds. So stereochemistry is chemical science that surveies the belongings of isomers. History Historically the beginnings of stereochemistry root from the find of plane polarized visible radiation by the French physicist MALUS. In 1815 biot note that certain natural organic compounds rotate plane polarized visible radiation as ARGO ( 1811 ) , discovered that a vitreous silica home base, cut at a right angle to its crystal axis, rotates the plane polarized visible radiation through an angle proportional to the thickness of the home base. S ome vitreous silica crystal rotate towards left while some to the right. However in 1847 LOUIS PASTEUR find that equimolar solution of seprated mixture have equal but opposite optical activity. In 1874 LEBEL and VAN'T-HOFF proposes that C with 4 fond regard is tetrahedral and a molecule holding a teahedral geometry will be as brace of two isomer. Isomerism Isomers are defined as molecules of indistinguishable atomic composings ( molecular expression ) , but with different adhering agreements of atoms or orientation of their atoms in infinite. Based on this definition, several types of isomerism are possible including constitutional, configurational, and conformational isomerism. Constitutional isomers ( besides called structural or positional isomers ) are molecules with the same atomic composing but different adhering agreements between atoms, as illustrated by theexamples of catechol, resorcinol, and hydroquinone. All of these compounds have the same atomic composing ( C6H6O2 ) , but different adhering agreements of atoms and are therefore distinguishable chemical entities with different chemical and physical belongingss. GEOMETRIC ISOMERISM Geometric isomers have the same empirical expression or molecular expression and besides the same structural expression, but have a different comparative agreement of the substituent groups. For illustration, the two geometric isomers of 1,2-dichloroethene ( Figure 2 ) have the molecular expression of C2H2Cl2, and the same structural expression of Cl ( H ) C=C ( H ) Cl, but the comparative place of the two Cl atoms can either be the same side of the C=C dual bond ( i.e. , Commonwealth of Independent States, see Figure 2a ) or on opposite sides of the C=C dual bond ( i.e. , trans, see Figure 2b ) . The usage of Commonwealth of Independent States and trans is non limited to organic compounds such as alkenes, but can besides be used in metal composites, e.g. , Figure 3. Figure 2: The two geometric isomers of 1,2-dichloroethene. Figure 3: Examples of ( a ) Commonwealth of Independent States and ( B ) trans geometric isomers for metal composites. When it is non possible to depict geometric isomers by the footings cis or trans, the footings facial ( fac, Figure 4a ) or meridinal ( thousand, Figure 4b ) are normally employed. Examples of ( a ) fac and ( B ) mer geometric isomers for metal composites. POLARIMETRY AND OPTICAL ROTATION Polarized visible radiation is obtained by go throughing ordinary visible radiation through a polarizer, such as nicol prism.The orientation of the polarizer ‘s axis of polarisation determines the plane of the ensuing polarized visible radiation. Optical Activity: – Unpolarized visible radiation from a suited beginning is made to go through through a polarizer that normally consists of a brace of crossed Nichol prisms. The light go forthing the polarizer is flat polarized and, in the diagram, the angle of the Nichol prisms has been adjusted to bring forth vertically polarized visible radiation. This visible radiation is so passed through a tubing incorporating the sample. If the sample is optically active, the plane of the polarized visible radiation will be rotated, as shown in figure The extent of rotary motion will depend on the polarizability of the substance and its concentration. The visible radiation from the sample cell is so passed through another brace of crossed Nichol prisms called the analyser. The analyser prisms are so rotated so that the familial visible radiation is once more vertically polarized. The angle through which the analyser has been turned is called the angle of polarisation. Clockwise rotary motion of polarized visibl e radiation is designated as ( + ) and anti clockwise rotary motion as ( ) . The constituted method of specifying rotary motion is that the ( + ) isomer is termed dextro and the ( ) isomer laevo. Optical activities of enantiomorph A brace of enantiomorph are distinguised by their optical activites because a brace of enantiomorphs rotates the plane of polarized visible radiation by equal sums in opposite way. In a mixture of two enantiomorphs, each contribute to the optical rotary motion in proportion to its concentration.It follows that a sample incorporating equal sums of two enantiomorph must hold an ascertained optical rotary motion of nothing. Enantiomorph of tartaric acid is: Enantiomorph Enantiomorphs are compounds that have the same ordination of atoms as each other, but that differ from one another when viewed in three dimensions. The compound drawn to the left is an enantiomorph because it has the H3C group projecting up from the page toward the reader. The corresponding enantiomorph would hold the H3C group projecting below the page off from the reader. A racemic mixture refers to a 50:50 mixture of two matching enantiomorphs. CHIRALITY Chirality is a structural belongings of an object. An object is said to bechiral if its mirror image can non be superimposed with itself by the agencies of rotary motions. The most familiar illustration of a chiral object is our manus. To see this, we foremost have to convert ourselves that our two custodies are mirror images of each other. Then we can pass hours revolving our two custodies around and seeking to superpose them point-to-point, merely to happen out that it is impossible. Thus a human manus is a chiral object. An object is said to be achiral if its mirror image is its exact reproduction DIASTEREOMER They are different physical/chemical belongingss in chiral/achiral environments. Stereoisomers that are non enantiomer are called diastereomers. FISHER PROJECTION Fischer projections are used to visually depict assorted isomers of the same compound in two dimensions. They are besides used as a basic trial for optical activity ( or chirality ) . The Fischer projection looks like a cross, with the ( unseeable ) asymmetric C located at the points where the lines cross. The horizontal lines are taken to be cuneuss, or bonds that project out of the plane of the paper. The perpendicular lines are taken to project away organize the spectator, or back below the plane of the paper, as dotted lines. Configuration Configurational isomers are defined as molecules of indistinguishable atomic composing and adhering agreements of atoms, but different orientations of atoms in infinite, and these different orientations can non interconvert freely by bond rotary motion. Since these types of isomers differ merely in comparative spacial orientations of atoms, they are normally referred to as stereoisomers. Configurational stereoisomers are subcategorized as optical isomers ( enantiomorphs ) or geometric isomers ( Fig. 2 ) , depending upon the hybridisation province and geometry of the atoms that impart the belongingss of stereoisomerism and the overall construction of the molecule. Stereoisomers of this type are distinguishable chemical entities that may hold different chemical and physical belongingss. Conformation Conformational isomers ( conformers ) are stereoisomeric signifiers characterized by different comparative spacial agreements of atoms that result from rotary motion about sigma bonds. Therefore, unlike configurational isomers, conformers are interconverting stereochemical signifiers of a individual compound. STEREOCHEMICAL Correlation The absolute constellation of most organic compounds are determined alternatively by utilizing chemical reaction correlative with other compounds of known absolute compounds is known as stereochemical correlativity. STEREOCHEMISTRY OF CHEMICAL REACTION No chemical reaction can be planned without stereochemical inside informations, and no chemical reaction can be planned without sing jobs oe stereochemistry that might originate. A.STEREOCHEMICHEMISTRY OF ADDITION REACTION An add-on reaction can happen in either of two stereochemically different ways, called syn add-on and anti add-on. Stereochemistry of an add-on can be determined merely when the stereochemically different manners of add-on give rise to stereochemically different merchandises. Syn and anti add-on gives different merchandises merely when both Cs of the dual bond becomes carbon stereocentre in the merchandise. STEREOCHEMISTRY OF SUBSITITUTION REACTION A permutation reaction can happen in two stereochemically different ways, called keeping of constellation and inversion of constellation so x and x ‘ have the same comparative stereochemical place. Substation rxn with keeping of constellation is It implies that if x and x ‘ have the same comparative precedences in the R, S system so the C that undergoes subsititution will hold the same constellation in the reactant and the merchandise. When the subsititution occur with inversion of constellation so x and x ‘ have different comparative stereochemical places. Subsititution with inversion of constellation is: They have same comparative precedences in the R, S system, so the C that undergoes permutation must hold opposite constellation in the reactant and the merchandise. Stereochemistry of A Chemical reactions Two merchandises are formed when a chiral substrate that possesses an asymmetric, electrophilic C is applied in an A reaction. One of them has the same absolute constellation as the get downing merchandise ( if, harmonizing to the CIP regulations, the go forthing group and the nucleophile have the same place in the precedence order of the substituents ) , which is called keeping. In contrast, the other merchandise possesses the opposite absolute constellation, known as inversion. In reactions, the nucleofuge exits the substrate before the nucleophilic onslaught can of all time happen. Thus, an intermediate carbocation is so formed. Due to the carbocation ‘s rhombohedral planar form, its two enantiotopic sides are susceptible to assail by the nucleophile with the same chance. Stereochemistry ofA Chemical reactions If a pure enantiomorph is applied to an reaction, three different stereochemical consequences are imaginable: The initial spacial agreement of the reaction centre ‘s substituents remains ( keeping ) . The initial substituent ‘s spacial agreement is inverted ( inversion ) . Retention, every bit good as inversion takes topographic point. If keeping and inversion occur to the same grade, the reaction yields a racemate ( racemization ) . Stereochemistry of E2 Elimination In the E2 riddance reaction, the carbon-hydrogen sigma bond and the carbon-leaving group sigma bond must lie in the same plane. This allows the orbitals to get down to overlap to organize the pi bond as the bonds to the H and the go forthing group are broken. There are two possible two-dimensional agreements of these bonds: both on the same side of the C-C bond ( syn-coplanar ) ; or on opposite sides of the C-C bond ( anti-coplanar ) In syn the bond from the C to the go forthing group ( green ) and the bond from the other C to the H ( bluish ) are syn-coplanar. The dihedral angle between these bonds is zero grades. This conformation is eclipsed about the carbon-carbon bond In anti the bond from the C to the go forthing group ( green ) and the bond from the other C to the H ( bluish ) are anti-coplanar. The dihedral angle between these bonds is 180 grades. This conformation is staggered about the carbon-carbon bond. Because this conformation is more stable than the eclipsed conformation required for syn riddance, anti riddance is preferred in E2 reactions STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ALKANEConformationsAlkane conformers arise from rotary motion around sp3 hybridised C C sigma bonds. The smallest methane series with such a chemical bond, C2H6, exists as an infinite figure of conformations with regard to rotation around the C-C bond. Two of these are recognised as energy lower limit ( staggered ) and energy upper limit ( eclipsed ) signifiers. The being of specific conformations is due to hindered rotary motion around sigma bonds, although a function for hyperconjugation is proposed by a viing theory. CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMER There are different types of isomer. Isomers such as butane and isobutane that differ in the connectivity of their atom are termed as constitutional isomer.butane and isobutane are merely constitutional isomer with the formulaC4H10. However, more constitutional isomer are possibles for methane series with more C atoms. STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ALKENE The stereochemistry of halogen add-on is unambiguously determined by the anti add-on and the about wholly restricted rotary motion of the carbon-carbon bond of the halonium ion. Therefore, the bromination of cis-2-butene outputs a racemate of ( 2R,3R ) – and ( 2S,3S ) -dibromobutane, whereas the bromination of trans-2-butene outputs the meso compound. CIS TRANS GEOMETRY OF ALKENE If olefines have two different substituents at each terminal of the C=C so they can be as stereoisomers ( as geometric isomers ) . This is because there is restricted rotary motion of the dual bond due to the pi bond CIS TRANS E-Z SYSTEM The cis- / trans- manner is based on the longest concatenation whereas the E/Z manner is based on a set of precedence rules.A You need to cognize both manners. Z SYSTEM cis-but-2-eneor ( Z ) -but-2-ene The E- and Z- manner is more dependable and peculiarly suited to extremely substituted olefines, particularly when the substituents are non alkyl groups. STEREOCHEMISTRY: -FUTURE PROSPECTUS AND APLLICATION 1.Temperature transition of the stereochemistry of enzymatic catalys. 2.It is used in medical intent for malarial bar, control and research 3.The HeI resonance line used for UPS was produced by DC discharge of pure He gas. 4. Stereochemistry is extremely used in biochemistry in assorted intents like enzyme accelerator e.t.c. 5. Writing ionisation is known to be one of the most of import types of chemical reaction in aerospace. Steric screening consequence of methyl group an writing ionisation in subsitutional aminobenzine. 6. Stereochemistry is ever used in detecting new compounds 7. Stereochemistry is used to cognize the belongings and other new belongings of the bing compound or the compounds non knownaˆÂ ¦.. REFRENCES Hehre, W.J. ( 1975 ) , J.AM.CHEM KARLE J. ( 1973 ) , ‘ELECTRON DIFRACTION ‘IN NACHOD, F.C AND ZUKERMAN, VOL 5 P12. ELIEL L. ERNEST ( 2009 ) , STEREOCHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, WILEY STUDENT EDITION LOUDON MARC G. ( 2009 ) ,4th EDITON, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, OXFORD UNIERSITY PRESS Web site hypertext transfer protocol: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Example_of_stereoisomers hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.co.in/imgres? imgurl=http: //img121.imageshack.us/img121/5564/81111276.jpg & A ; imgrefurl=http: //www.chemicalforums.com/index. WWW.CHEMISTRY.UK www.wileyindia/chem.com

Barrack Obama Inaugural Speech Analysis Essay

Barrack Obama’s inaugural speech was in many ways similar to his predecessors, cleverly written, thoroughly rehearsed and immaculately delivered. However in many ways it was different, different in the colour of Presidents skin, different in the time the oath was taken â€Å"amidst gathering clouds and raging storms†, different in the state of Americas economy. America wanted change and barrack Obama was that change. His inaugural speech was the first time he didn’t need to win votes or fight his campaign, instead he needed to earn the respect of his people, and he did it masterfully. Obamas main aim at the start of the speech is to make a connection with the audience and gain their support. He does this by moving from singular â€Å"I stand here today† to the plural â€Å"We the people† which engages the audience to make them feel involved and significant with the use of personal pronouns. The following sentences continue towards this goal with the use of anaphora â€Å"they are† â€Å"they are† â€Å"they will be† â€Å"they will not be† he does this to instil the audiences confidence in Obama and show that he is in control of the situation by repeating the authoritative phrases. This also incorporates antithetic parallelism â€Å"they will not be† â€Å"they will be† this is used to give the impression Obama is overcoming a problem by first using the negative not implying an issue and then the positive â€Å"will be† showing it is overcome, furthering the audiences assurance in Obama. Addressing the audience as a nation is used to rouse feelings of loyalty and patriotism extending Obamas connection with the audience by establishing the common feeling of pride in their country, and consequently their president. Once Obama has established a bond and created a sense of community amongst the audience he begins the transition from past tense to future which is cleverly done with the use of repetition â€Å"so it has been. So it must be† which prepares the audience for hard hitting issues which Obama raises unambiguously â€Å"our nation is at war† â€Å"homes have been lost† â€Å"our schools fail too many†, the open manner Obama presents these issues in make the audience feel trusted and the use of the personal pronoun â€Å"our† makes the audience feel responsible and powerful in solving these predominant problems. When addressing these issues Obama use emotive and language and imagery such as â€Å"violence and hatred† and â€Å"greed and irresponsibility† which adds emotion and shows the audience that Obama is passionate about solving the problems he faces which adds impact and conviction to the line â€Å"know this America they will be met† which regains the trust and support of the audience by promising that he will solve these problems. Obama adds emphasis and effects on messages by drawing a contrast â€Å"rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace† compared to â€Å"gathering clouds and raging storms† by talking about the opposite in a positive manner â€Å"raising tides of prosperity† it makes the later, negative phrase â€Å"raging storms† even more powerful and impactful. Throughout Obamas speech he tries to appeal to all members of Americas â€Å"patchwork heritage† He tries to bond the all members of the country b y addressing â€Å"Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus† and bravely â€Å"non-believers† by addressing them all as a one nation.

Henry Kissinger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Henry Kissinger - Essay Example ("Henry") Kissinger's intensive embarkation on a "shuttle diplomacy" in the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel, Egypt, and Syria helped mediate the Arab-Israeli conflict that had been going on for a long time. ("Henry") Because of this, politicians from Egypt had called him as the 'magician' for being able to come up with disengagement agreements that separated the Israeli and the Arab armies. ("Henry The Nobel") He had been successful in ending the war between these nations; however, there was an even greater and bigger hostility among these nations that was eventually lifted up. The peace process that he has negotiated among them was short-lived that his role was further criticized and questioned, specifically his intentions at bringing about the said 'liberation' between the Arabs and the Israelis. Having fled from Nazi, Germany under Hitler's administration, Kissinger created his own name in the United States as a Harvard University professor of government and international affairs in the 50s and 60s. ("American") He also joined the US Army before that and became an interpreter and intelligence officer in Europe. It was after his service in the army that he was soon the most brilliant professor in Harvard University. ("Henry") His unprecedented ability in interpreting foreign policies enabled him to foretell the necessary responses that Americans should perform in order to become at par with its international relations, as well as balance its power in the worldwide context. Kissinger lectured Americans about moralism that encourages them to a more realistic approach in dealing with all its foreign affairs and policies. Prominent personalities such as John F. Kennedy was as well impressed by his realistic views and policies, with whom he eventually served as a part-time policy adviser behind Kennedy's "flexible response" strategy that characterized the US strategy that promotes and maintains both the conventional and the nuclear forces against the attacks of the Communists instead of a nuclear retaliation that would affect nations and people held as victims. Kissinger also served the Johnson administration as a part-time foreign adviser ("Henry") When Nixon was elected President of the United States in 1968, he appointed Kissinger as his full-time national security adviser. Their team-up has had many suspicions such that the joint of an unlikely two people in the government implied something not at all favourable. Time magazine even described their collaboration as an "improbable partnership" because of their two opposing personalities. Nixon's "old-fashioned, secretive, aloof and over-simplified rhetoric" character did not seem to fit with Kissinger's "urbane intelligence" ("Henry") The Nixon-Kissinger team had worked together to re-shape the style and substance of the United States foreign affairs. Together, the two had work closely in addressing the different international issues that are tied to the US through Kissinger's realist strategies and policies. Together, they had both achieved their goals in the international affairs. ("Henry") From then on, Kissinger was among the most popular and the most controversial personalities in the US government. Being the national security adviser to Nixon's administration, he had concentrated on gaining power for the United

Ford Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Ford Australia - Essay Example Next in scheme of things lies Cost and Market analysis, which probe into questions such as the resources FPV has at its disposal, and how well it's able to use them. The key metrics identified are: differentiation of markets, closeness of substitutes, barriers to entry and modes of competition. This presentation is helpful in building a macroeconomic risk assessment module looking into the impact of factors such as inflation, CPI, interest and exchange rates, examining various risk factors, thereby understanding FPV's business development plan. At a micro-level, the analysis would entail studying of internal forces such as manpower, growing opportunities, etc. The ultimate aim of our research is to develop a competitive strategy model, which is done through Porter method. FPV is a force to reckon with, in Australia's segment of high performance cars, with brands such as GT, GT-P, Pursuit, Super Pursuit, F6 Typhoon, F6 Tornado and Force (FPV website, 2006). Its major competitor is Melbourne-based HSV. The current FPV range is a mix of turbocharged inline 6-cylinder and V8-powered Falcons. Each brand has its own conceptual framework and design, and the constant focus of the brand FPV, is to maintain benchmarks set by V8 racing cars. At this point, it is important to lay emphasis on the genetic makeup i.e. the internal structure of the corporate entity called FPV. Initially owned by the UK-based Prodrive company Tickford, FPV joined hands with Ford Australia, as its tuning division to develop itself into the niche category called Motorsport. The major aim of any business organisation is to create and sustain value, through profits. FPV is no different. In very simplistic terms, Value, for any economic entity is measured by a parameter called Economic Value Added, which is defined as the value of an activity that remains after subtracting from it, the cost of opportunity of investing consumed resources, and sovereign debts that accumulate (Stewart III, 1991). In the field of corporate finance, this translates into the following equation (Stewart III, 1991): Return on capital = Net operating profit after Tax / Weighted Average Cost of Capital. As of 2004, Ford Australia recovered a Net profit after tax of $136 mn (Porter, 2004) on shareholder equity of $592 million, and the corresponding return on capital was 26.1% which is a fairly high value in medium-growth automobile industry (Porter, 2004). Thus, it is clear in no uncertain terms, that Ford Performance Vehicles is an enterprising segment in the Performance Cars category, and there is enough scope for organic, and balanced growth in future as demand for faster cars escalate, and infrastructure develops to keep pace with the surge in demand for these vehicles. In upcoming sections, we will elaborate more on the economic analysis of our case study company. Dimensions of the Market FPV has won the 2006 Australian Performance Car of the Year award. For FPV, "diversity" is an essential ingredient in its zeal to retain excellence as laid out by its fraternal organization (FPV website, 2006), for the fiercely competitive Australian business environment. Diversity encompasses its mission-critical drive to transform the

ETHICAL DECISIONS IN LEADERSHIP Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ETHICAL DECISIONS IN LEADERSHIP - Case Study Example Therefore, the reader must go only on the sketchy information that is given in the case study. Lael must choose one of three candidates for a promotion. She must make this decision within a few days. There are three candidates for this position. The challenge is that there is no information about the job or the qualifications needed for the job. The reader must help Lael decide the best person for the job. All three candidates have positive and negative issues that may influence their promotion. Lael is being pressured by one manager or another to pick one of the three people; no manager has picked the same individual. The Three candidates are as follows: All the candidates have been "recommended" by someone in upper management. One manager has told her that she should choose Roy. Her immediate supervisor wants her to choose Liz. A third manager wants her to choose Quang Yeh because it will "look good" for him. The person who put her in charge of the decision says that "the wrong decision would not be good, either internally or externally" (Case Study). It is as though everyone wants Lael to choose their person for their own political gains. As an example, her immediate supervisor wants her to choose Liz, not because she is qualified but because she is a female African American. This will look good for the company because she will be the first one to make that level. Another supervisor wants her to choose Roy, not because of his qualifications, but because he has been in the company a long time, has turned down other promotions and now he "deserves" to have the promotion. He infers that if she promotes Roy as a "favor" to him, he "wo nt forget it". This seems to be a threat as much as the first one. Lael is also a good friend to Liz and she has helped her with her child by babysitting and being a friend when her child was in a car accident. To Lael, promoting Liz might meant that she was playing favorites. Part of the dilemma is that

Writing a Marketing Strategic plan for the Light bulb Essay

Writing a Marketing Strategic plan for the Light bulb - Essay Example According to them these bulbs are capable to produce light which is equivalent to 40 watt incandescent bulbs. Even though this light is with lesser consumption of power, the led bulb manufacturing companies in North America are in a hurry to find solutions to reduce the heat emitting from every led bulbs during their lighting process. If such bulbs are made available in the market, their expected price will be nearly $60. But reputed bulb manufacturing firms have proposal to reduce the price of such bulbs and make them available at price $30 or $20 if their product gets movement in the market.( Alex, Wilson,May.2010) Apart from reducing the price of their products all reputed firms intention is to introduce sophisticated technologies in the manufacturing process and develop an image in the minds of consumers. The light business in North America is highly competitive. Hence the strategies should be in such a way to cope up with the prevailing competition in the global market. No business men can fool the customers for a fairly long time. Hence the products launching in the market must be able to secure confidence from the side of customers. The confidence of customers has some key roles regarding the good movement of the launching products. Hence, once they could gain confidence from the customers, they need not turn back afterwards. Thus the resources introducing must be able to develop confidence among the customers. Nowadays the customers have tendencies to go beyond products which are environmental friendly.( Alex, Wilson May.2010) Thus in the case of bulb business people prefer economic bulbs which can emit negligible quantity of heat. Certain other bulb contains mercury and during the lighting process of these bulbs mercury vapors will be spreading in the atmosphere. Since mercury v apors are toxic the customers will not welcome such bulbs since they are not environmental friendly. Hence

Research paper from Supply Chain Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paper from Supply Chain - Research Proposal Example This is easier said than done. Although Singapore is well located and well connected by all modes of transport, the uncertainties of a supply chain have to be understood in order to achieve plan its management. Having a good range of suppliers is not enough as the chain involves logistics as well. Apart from this there are different priorities and concerns of each of them and for a specific operation the entire chain has to work on agreed schedules and timelines so that both short and excess supplies and timely deliveries are organized in a way that all links in the chain have a chance to make a fair margin. If it not a win-win situation for all stake holders then the link will break and the entire supply chain management will become distraught. In the current worldwide scenario many disruptions contribute to the disruption of the supply chain. The latest among them being terrorism that knows no boundaries and respects none. Risk management has therefore become a huge concern. The other more normal constraints are different perceptions of the stakeholders, logistics and storage issues. The objective of this research is to identify the obstacles to good supply chain management in Singapore and to suggest possible remedies. Purchase is the foundation of making an effective Supply Chain. A good purchase will often result in better margins. Organizations have specialist purchase departments. Since there are individuals who finally make decisions their judgment, whether individually or in groups, are influenced by the environment they work in. Kohli (1989) proposed that influence is a function of personal resources or power. Sheth (1973) maintains that the psychological world of the decision makers affects purchasing behaviour. This will include the special knowledge the purchaser has acquired, the training he has received, the skills he has developed and the seller networking he commands. Best Practices

Coroner system and medical system Research Paper

Coroner system and medical system - Research Paper Example Later on the coroner system established itself as an agency and in 1888 the system of election for coroners was abolished. It was then that the coroners had to be appointed by the designated authorities (Iyer et al 2006). Medical Examiner system also takes its root from the coroner system as it was introduced in America in early 1600s. It was in those times that the coroner and sheriff’s office was the same. It was in 1860 that collaboration of physicians with the coroners began to develop in the New World. It was in 1877 that a system was established in Massachusetts that a coroner has to be assisted by physicians who were known as the medical examiners. However in those times the physicians were only involved when the death occurred in violent conditions. Pathology soon became a branch of jurisprudence in the 19th century and it was in 1890 that the Board of Baltimore announced the integration of two physicians in examination of dead bodies. It was here that the medical exam iner system was established and these physicians had to perform autopsies on the order of the coroner or attorney. In 1915 the office of coroner was abolished and the medical examiner system took over the states (Iyer et al 2006; Institute of Medicine 2003). Education Requirements The requirement for the post of coroner is a degree in medical or legal field. In some cases it is seen that an attorney, advocate or even magistrate has been made a coroner. The medical examiners on the other hand should have a degree related to medicine or pathology. These examiners have a certificate in medical specialty and are termed as forensic pathologists (Iyer et al 2006). Duties The duties of coroners and medical examiners are almost the same with regard to the conditions in which the death has occurred. The medical examiners are entitled to find out the cause of death and whether it is natural or unnatural. They use their skills of forensic laboratory to find out that as to if the death has occu rred on that spot or not. Moreover they conduct autopsies and laboratory tests to find out the exact physiological mechanism of death. The coroners on the other hand are also involved to find out the time, cause and mechanism of death. The coroners do not necessarily have medical knowledge to interpret the physiological functions of the body hence they rely upon the evidence that is present on the site. In some cases the coroners also use their prior experience to find out the causes of the death which is not the case of a forensic pathologist (Iyer et al 2006). Appointment of Coroners and Medical Examiners Coroners are appointed by election by a group of people but they must have some qualification in relevance to the field of law or medicine. It is not necessary that they have expertise in the field of forensics whereas Medical Examiners are appointed through an executive council. The council looks forward to the qualifications of the medical examiners and they are then appointed on the basis of merit. Coroners on the other hand are appointed by a group of officials or a group from the general public. Both the offices of coroners and medical examiners have their own position in the society. There are some countries which follow the old system of coroners whereas some follow the new medical examiner system. The integrity of both the systems has been argued at many instances (Iyer et al 2006

Corporate Strategic Review on TESCO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Strategic Review on TESCO - Essay Example In 1964, Tesco's innovativeness was put to a challenge when the British government imposed the Resale Price Maintenance System, a law that mandates all retailers to charge a set price for their products. However, Tesco found a way through it and introduced trading stamps so that it could bring lower prices to its customers. Customers collected these stamps as they purchased groceries and other items. By 1960, Tesco was in control of 212 store chains in north England, and 144 more in 1964 and 1965. By 1970, Tesco was a household name, known for its grocery products at very competitive prices. It was at this time when Tesco decided to broaden its customer base and make its stores more attractive to a wider range of customers. Tesco decided to concentrate on developing bigger superstores at the outskirts of the town, on selling a broader range of goods, and on providing quality shopping environment and customer service. Tesco likewise ventured into selling petrol at very competitive rates in 1974, opening its first filling station at its major sites. These changes earned more customers and greater profits for Tesco, and in 1979, its annual turnover reached 1 billion for the first time. Tesco has built its 100th superstore by 1985, and in 1987, it announced a 500 million plan to build 29 more stores. By 1991, the success of its petrol filling stations earned for the company Britain's biggest independent petrol retailer. In the 1990s, the company built on its success by developing new store concepts and new customer-focused initiatives. Tesco broke new ground in food retailing by introducing, in 1995, the first customer loyalty card, which offered benefits to regular shoppers whilst helping the company discover more about its customers' needs. Other customer services followed, including grocery home shopping, Tesco Direct for catalogue shoppers and the Tesco Babyclub for new parents, as well as the launch of Tesco Personal Finance a joint venture with the Royal Bank of Scotland. Tesco continued its winning streak in the new millennium. In January 2003 Tesco completed the acquisition of 870 T&S Stores in the UK; 450 of these stores will be converted to Tesco Express in the next three to four years. Moreover, Tesco opened in Taiwan in 2000 and, in May 2002 its first store in Malaysia in a joint venture with Sime Darby Sdn Bhd. In July 2002, Tesco acquired the "HIT" chain of hypermarkets in Poland. This acquisition added 13 hypermarkets to the Polish business, giving it a market leading position. By the end of 2002/03 Tesco had 45 percent of its space overseas, market leadership in 6 of its 10 countries, and was profitable in 8 out of 10 markets. Porter on Tesco Using Porter's Generic Strategies, this approach of Tesco shall be evaluated and assessed. It will also be subjected to the five industry forces such as: Entry Barrier, Buyer Power, Supplier Power, Threats of Substitute and Rivalry. Tesco can be categorized in Porter's Generic Strategies as belonging to the Broad Industry- as it targets an economy of scale whose product line is extensive (Reichheld and Sasser, 1990). Moreover, the standard

Managing People in a Global economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing People in a Global economy - Essay Example Without the employees, an organization can never be able to work, therefore, it is essential for an organization and its management to consider the ethical issues while taking work from their employees. Dan Amos informs in the article, â€Å"Aflac’s Ethics in Action: Pay for Performance—Keep Stakeholders Informed† (2009) that taking care of employees is very essential for the business and also if the management will take care of the employees, as a response, the employees will also take care of the business. Therefore, it is quite clear that the consideration of ethics in an organization develops a mutual relationship between the management and the workers of an organization. The ethical behavior is affected by individual behavior. Some individuals in the organization enjoy an influential position such as the leaders of the organization, the managers and many others. Due to these influential individuals, the steps that are taken regarding ethical behavior are copied and performed by other organizational employees due to which, a culture of ethical behavior is created. The company Aflac is a pay-for-performance company due to which, they decide on the basis of the performance of the employees and pay them accordingly. According to Dan Amos, the organization gives enough consideration to civility and ethics (Amos, 2009). The leaders play an affective role in influencing the stakeholders of a company as they are the one who help the stakeholders to act according to the needs of the organization and who are able to understand the ethical policy of the organization. They are the people who make sure that the employees work according to the code of conduct or code of ethics. They are the individuals who can impact the ethical behavior of an organization to a great extent. The management of the company considers itself in strong bondage with its stakeholders on the basis of its ethical policies (Amos, 2009).

College Athletes Essay Example for Free

College Athletes Essay For the longest time the NCAA was never a multi-billion dollar industry; many years they did not make half of that. Many big colleges had budgets that would make teams such as Alabama, Georgia, Miami, Oregon, Etc. laugh about what they were able to provide for sports. There have been questions for years about whether a college athlete should be paid or not and if athletes deserve to be paid for what they do at that level, after already being paid to go to school there, for most of the players. When athletes go to college they still put themselves in the same physical danger as a professional athlete does. The NCAA alone is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over 845 billion dollars last year in 2011. Facts have shown that college athletes in the NCAA, on an annual salary, make zero dollars; however, it is a blessing that they are going to school for free. This business is that they get all the work done and the business they want to come in and basically the NCAA athletes work for free. Having a scholarship and having their education paid for is something great but the money they get for school is not the only money they need for the bumpy road to their profession. The billions of dollars that is received annually is nowhere close to being equitable to just a bachelor’s degree. What the student athletes are earning is a big slice of heaven to some students and their families of course, but it showed accumulate to something higher than that degree of college education. â€Å"The NCAA has been historically stubborn over changing its ways to adapt to the times. But lately, even NCAA President Mark Emmert has conceded that it may be time for college players in big money sports to start getting a cash stipend amounting to as much as a few thousand dollars per year. † (Blake Baxter, Eureka College) At least the president of the NCAA has been admiring the idea of giving money to the players and helping them through their college years. Being an athlete in college is having a job, and their job is to bust their butts at practice, come to play on game day, and repeat that cycle, with no pay. Many athletes with their schedules do not have time to make themselves meals, so they have to buy food or they drive to places where they could get it- which costs money in gas. Football and basketball at the Division One level have been the biggest suppliers of money because many of their revenues. These two sports have evolved to the level that coaches and universities are making staggering amounts of money off of the talent of their student-athletes. With the amount of money coaches and schools make, the athletes should be able to get paid for their hard work, all the pain that they put their bodies through, the countless hours of practice workouts, and classes. Surely they need to be paid for putting it all on the line. Argument #2 Many college athletes make decisions that will change their lives- such as Trent Richardson, who played for University Of Alabama. Richardson had to deal with the decision of having to raise two children while being a full time college athlete. When all this was going on, Richardson had no income what so ever, no time, and was dedicated to the football program at U of A. Richardson brought publicity to his school and to other athletes with children that they were trying to raise. While Richardson was at school playing, his two daughters would be at home with their mother watching their daddy play and kissing the screen when he would appear. Hes a big strong guy, hes hitting everybody in practice. And when hes around his kids, hes a completely different person, running back Eddie Lacy said. Hes real sweet. Hes a good father. With all the strength he shows on the field and the sweetness he shares with his daughter, and the hard work he and others put out, they still earn zero dollars each year. It shows and tells all the time- he puts in time and effort to make it in life and take care of his girls Its a level of maturity you dont normally find among guys his age, running backs coach Burton Burns said. They are a priority for him. He has a tough schedule with school and football, but he is going to find time to spend with those girls. That level of maturity should never be second guessed and overlooked to give certain players money to get through school and help raise their family like in Richardsons situation. He is basically working a full time job, going to school, and playing football for Coach Saben. He needs to get what he earns, which would be a little salary. A father and athlete that could say this I dont want them to struggle like I did, to go through the stuff I had to go through, Richardson said. Thats really motivated me on the field. Because when I play with my girls on my mind, I feel like nobody can stop me. Richardson is not the only struggling college athlete. There are a lot of other teams in college that have athletes that participate in the games and practices but do not get any profit from their hard work and dedication. Argument #3 Eric LeGrand, the former Rutgers University football player who was paralyzed from the neck down during a 2010 game, GIving the same effort that each professional athlete makes each game day. Players putting their bodies in this physical danger, and only getting a certain degree when graduating after four years of college. LeGrand the Big Defensive Lineman was on kick off team running down the field trying to make a tackle, and when hitting a player he fell to the ground and was motionless; it was devastating. â€Å"The way Eric lives his life epitomizes what we are looking for in Buccaneer Men,† Schiano said. If the NCAA would recognize the effort and the danger these athletes are put in, they would be generous and give college athletes a little salary. Players like LeGrand are why i stand behind the decision to pay the players a little profit of what they help make. Without all of these amazing athletes i dont beleive the schools would encounter most of the money they make as a university or college. NOt just football, other sports bring in huge amounts of money from ticket sales, team apparel sales, etc. College Athletes are the epitome of where all the money comes from and deserve more then a bachelor degree, and deserve a little allowance for all their hardwork, bringing in a lot of the income. Works cited http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/sports/college/football/acc/story/2012-01-08/tough-guy-richardson-softens-up-as-a-dad/52458854/1 http://www. cbssports. com/collegefootball/story/21575106/if-college-athletes-really-owe-schools-money-then-they-must-be-paid

Contours in Construction

Contours in Construction Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction What is Contour? Contours need to determine the level at various points on the ground, and in the same horizontal position of those points should be fixed. Vertical control exercise carried out leveling work, but the level of control exercised chain survey or questionnaire survey compass or aircraft to be. If the theodolite horizontal and vertical control can be achieved from the same instrument. A profile can be classified in different groups based instrument. Contour function that can be used to understand the shape of the land. In addition, the actual pattern of the line will phone you to more detailed understanding of the region. Besides that, contour are divided into two types of methods in surveying which is direct methods and indirect methods. For the direct methods, It is included in the point found within the selected contour line of vertical and horizontal control. Instrument used for vertical control level. A grade level is set to take flight from the commanding heights of the nearby bench mark in the region. Collimation / height of the plane of the instrument was found the staff to be read a contour line is calculated. The staff of the instrument man asked the staff who cultivate the required reading is found up and down movement in the region. Surveyor built using his tools of this level of control. After the people of the instrument directs staff person to read another point in the same person can be found. Second is to establish the level of control. Therefore, a few points are based on a contour of one or two contour lines and proper record. Plane table survey is very suitable for the job. After setting the points needed for the establishment of the instrument from the instrument is moved to another point in order to cover a larger area. Level and investigative tools need not be shifted simultaneously. That is, if two are nearby, so easy to communicate better. Get speed leveling sometimes hand level, Abney level of use. This approach is slow, tedious and inaccurate. It is suitable for small areas. While for the indirect methods, the level of take in some selected points and their reduced levels. Thus, in this method to establish the level of control the first, then find the level of those points. After positioning point plan, the level of decline is inserted between the selection point markers and contour lines. Sources: (Methods of Contouring 2014) Diagram 1: Labeling Contour Maps (Sources: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cntr-map-1.jpg/300px-Cntr-map-1.jpg) What is Autocad? AutoCAD is used in buildings, bridges, and computer chip manufacturing blueprint for a computer-aided drawing software program. AutoCAD is mainly used for drafters, it has occurred although engineers, surveyors and architects may need to use the software. Read on to learn more. AutoCAD is in the building, construction and manufacturing for the 2-D and 3-D computer-aided drawing software applications assist blueprints and other projects prepared. Who uses AutoCAD professionals often referred to the drafting. Although the drafters in some professional work, six of the most common areas of expertise are mechanical drawing, architectural drafting, civil drafting, electrical drafting, electronic drafting, drafting aviation. Methodology: In methodology, I will describe the step that how we produce and plot a contour plan and ground section . First step is to spot the height data. At the commend there, we key it the point and enter it. After we enter, it will show a specify point then we will key in the first point which is S1. For example; 146.048, 313.212, 82.739. So we will key it this point and for the rest of the point like S2, S3, S4 and S5 is using the same methods. (Refer to diagram 1) Diagram 1 After we state the specify point, we using the lines to draw a one long lines at the horizontal and vertical. After we draw a two lines, then we will click the line and type OFFSET, this will ask the distance between two lines and the distance is 25, so we key in 25 and enter it. Then we will click the lines beside the first lines and it will show a new lines. While it was the same step as a vertical part. Make sure that the specify point it inside the box that we do. Besides that, before we draw the lines, to make sure the lines is straight we will click ORTHO MODE from shortcut we can click F8, this will automatically to help you line become straight. (refer to diagram 2) Diagram 2 While next step is we firs go to home page , then we click Layer Properties. Then we will separate few layers should be use for the Buildings, Grid, Spot Height, Text, Border, Contours, Triangulated Ground Model (TGM) and Dimensions (refer to diagram 3). Then we click the point that we key in that five specify point and put it into spot heights categories. While for the boxes, we will put it into the grid categories. After that, we turn off the spot height and grid light bulbs. Then we will select line and key in the point A which is 168.934, 297.370. While for the rest in some step but after we key in until point F we have to key in back to point A, then the building shape we be shown up which is building 1. While for the Building 2, is same as the building 1 just key in the coordinate. After we got this two building 1 and 2 we put it as a building categories which is highlight building 1 and 2 and click the layout and select buildings column. (refer to diagram 4) Diagram 3 4 After it, turn on all the light bulbs and select text and key in the word which can see from the drawings. And the font size of the text is 3.5. The text have to key in is A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, Building 1, Building 2, S1 (82.739), S2 (82.789), S3 (86.479), S4 (85.539) and last is S5 (84.039) (refer to diagram 5) . Then we highlight or the text put it as a text categories. While next is find the dimension between D and G. First click to Annotate which is upper the column and then modify the dimension, select the text and key in the size is 3.5 and click ok. Then we click the OBJECT SNAP which is can click from the keyboard which is F3. This will help you to detect the point from D and G. Then we click the dimension from the Annotate and click from D to G. Then above the line, it will show the distance between 2 points. While for the point E and J is same step, so we just repeated it. Then we highlight the two dimension and put it into dimension categories. (refer to diagram 5) Diagram 5 Next step is to draw a triangulated shape by using the lines from S1 to S2 and S5, then S2 to S3 and S5, Then S4 will go to S4 and S5 and S4 will go to S1 and S5. Which is means connect all the point together by using the lines. Therefore we can see the pattern is like that diagram below. Then we highlight the lines for connect to each point, and put it into the Triangulated Ground Model. ( ps: just highlight the lines not the point like diagram below ) Diagram 6 After that, we click the draws which is under the lines, polyline and circle column. We select the multiple points and click the point from S1 to S4 about two point. Let say from S1 to S4 the two point is 82 and 85, therefore the number in between this two point is 83 and 84. So we will click two point between S 1 and S4 but the distance of the point must be medium of this two point and logical dont simply click. While S1 to S5 we will click one point. And from S5 to S3 also got one point. And last from the S2 and S3 got 3 point (refer to diagram 7). After we key in the point, the select the polyline and attach the point. While it is divided into 3 lines. The first line is from the upper point which is 83 coordinate, go to the point which is S1 to S5 and go to the upper point which is S2 to S3. While the second lines is start from second point (S1 to S4 there) go to point S5 and last go to second point ( S2 to S3). While the third lines is from S4 to the point between (S5 to S3) and last is go to last third point for S2 and S3. If not clearly, please refer to diagram 2 and it will be understand, what am I mention about. After that, we highlight the first lines and key it PEDIT and select spline. Then the line will be slightly spline. While for the other line is same step as a line 1, highlight the line key in PEDIT and select SPLINE. While the point that use multiples points and the lines highlight all and put it into Contour categories. Diagram 7 While the last step is draw a rectangular , above the grids for key in the student name and matrix ID. And last is to difference categories using the difference color like diagram 8. Diagram 8 Conclusion: In my conclusion, to design the 2D or 3D drawings is not a easy work by using manually. AutoCAD is in various fields, such as construction, mechanical, structural, civil, electrical and mechanical engineering and automotive applications. An architect can design creative ideal in any part of the building model of any type. For more information about AutoCAD, make complex projects simple. It combines the work of architects and engineers. From a small to a very large project, you get a precise design has great resolution. Its one of the basic drafting software, which is prominently used everywhere. Learn the software will provide design software and drawing software in the field of solid foundation. All mechanical engineers know, the prototype can be a very expensive process. The AutoCAD by eliminating the physical material and preliminary design workshop space allows significant savings in the design process. Although the purchase and operation of a software package has some costs, whi ch tend to be much less than the cost burden of the material and prototype shop when. As a digital simulation, AutoCAD models also allow engineers to test large-scale installations, this process will be costly physical prototypes advantage. Task 2:  Explain how to determine areas and volume of cut and fill, using surveying data (Pass). In planning the building design and construction, architects and engineers must first consider the existing conditions of the site. In most cases, a given site is not level and must be modified before any construction can begin. Therefore, the process of cut and fill construction process is usually the first to take place at a site in one. If there is no computer software to determine the amount of land to be added or removed, we can do a simple calculation to estimate the volume of cut and fill any site. First, the site is divided into sections. Essentially, the site is cut into the land segment, at a specified fixed distance, so we can look at each independent. Cutout portion is based on the land, in order to accurately represent the land topography being evaluated drawn. Topographic map describes the existing slope of land, and allows us to come to the site at an altitude of some of our cuts. Now, we have a two-dimensional cross-section is divided, we can estimate that the area to be cut and filled in the site. Each part of the cut to the desired land topography is expressed as cut line covered in the existing topography of the land line. Which brings us to two lines of each section, and tell us how many of the existing area must be removed or added. Then, the area between the lines is calculated to find the cut-and-fill each sub-region. The figure below shows the existing level lines and cutting area between the lines. From the diagram below, we can see that the start estimate how much land area must be cut off from the scene, and how much land area of the construction site must be completed field level. Diagram 9: Cut and fill Now, once part of the region has been found, we must consider the site (land between the cut portion) of additional length to be able to estimate the volume of land cut or fill. Finally, after the calculated value required us to determine not only how much land must be removed from or sponsors website, but also where the land must be specifically taken or sponsor. Remove or add any site land is an expensive process, so that our estimates are made close to the existing conditions may be important. Once we know how much land to cut or fill and cut and fill it, work can begin normal level site and build our building. Sources: (Cut and Fill 2015) Bibliography Cut and Fill, (2015), [Online], Available at: http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMAT6680/Parsons/MVP6690/Essay3/cutfill.html [Accessed on 1st June 2015] Methods of Contouring, (2014), [Online], Available at: http://theconstructor.org/surveying/methods-of-contouring/6451/ [Accessed on 31 May 2015]     Ã‚  

Was Karl Marx a Determinist?

Was Karl Marx a Determinist? The aim of this essay is to address to what extent Karl Marx could be considered a determinist. In doing so it will consider: (a) what constitutes determinism; (b) Marx’s theories on history; and (c) whether these theories are compatible with the notion of determinism. Precedence is given to section (b) due to the sheer volume of existing literature in this field. Analysis is limited to Marx’s personal theories on history as opposed to Marxist theory on history, as the latter is largely tangential to the issue in question.[1] (a) Determinism Determinism has many facets. In the broad sense it can be summarised as the philosophical proposition that every historical event is causally determined by an unbroken or predetermined chain of prior events. In rudimentary terms, therefore, determinism is the antithesis of free will – the notion that there is no predestined fate for mankind except that which it determines for itself. Determinism should not be confused with fatalism, which dictates that all future events are already predetermined and will definitely occur. Rather determinism is associated with and depends upon the concepts of materialism and causality. More specifically, it is economic determinism with which, rightly or wrongly, Marx has become associated. Economic determinism can be defined as a form of determinism which explains social structure and culture as a product of the social and technical organisation of economic life.[2] It essentially lends primacy to economics over politics in the development of human history. It has been interpreted as the belief that economic laws determine the course of history, in much the same way as Auguste Comte considered that laws governed society.[3] On a more elementary level, Fleischer writes that as self-preservation is the supreme instinct in man, therefore the entire pattern of human conduct must always have been governed by the fundamental laws governing survival – a dialectical process between man and nature. This reasoning gives rise to the conclusion that all elements of historical consequence result from economic determinism, or man’s instinctive effort to survive.[4] In order for us to understand Marx’s association with economic determinism, an analysis of his theories on history is essential. (b) Marx’s theories on history Jon Elster writes that Marx had ‘both an empirical theory of history and a speculative philosophy of history.’[5] It is the former, better known as historical materialism, which concerns us. Historical materialism as an explanatory system has been expanded and refined by many academic studies since Marx’s death in 1883, despite no formal exposition of the concept ever having been published by Marx himself.[6] It looks for the causes of developments and changes in human societies in the way in which humans collectively make the means to life, thus giving an emphasis, through economic analysis, to everything that co-exists with the economic base of society, such as social classes, political structures and ideologies. While Marx claimed only to be proposing a guideline to historical research, by the twentieth century the concept of historical materialism had become a keystone of modern Communist doctrine. An understanding of the origins of Marx’s attachment to materialism is essential in appreciating its concept. These origins can largely be attributed to his research on the philosophy of Epicurus and his reading of Adam Smith and other political economists. Historical materialism builds upon the idea that became current in philosophy from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries that the development of human society has moved through a series of stages, from hunting and gathering, through pastoralism and cultivation, to commercial society. Marx argued that the history of Western society had progressed though the following stages or ‘modes of production.’ Each mode of production had its own economic system which gave rise to a system of class division based around ownership of the means of production: (i) primitive communism (ii) slave society (iii)feudalism (iv)capitalism Marxists say that society moves from one stage to the next when the dominant class is displaced by a new emerging class. The final stage in the chain, communism (as we know it today), would eventually supplant capitalism on a global scale, and would therefore represent both the intended target and end result of social history. The fundamental theory of historical materialism stems from the fact that people must procure or produce the necessities by which they can survive and reproduce themselves. Human beings are producers, and their production consists of two distinct aspects: the material and the social. The material refers to the physical necessities of life. In producing physical necessities, human beings create the social form, within which they produce. The social form of production is a social process by which people cooperate (through a division of labour in more complex social forms) to produce the things they need. This aspect always involves the social relations of those involved. These relations crucially concern the control of the process of production and the distribution of its products. The material aspect of production implies a certain organisation of production, possession of the appropriate tools, and knowledge. This material aspect of production is known as the ‘productive forces .’ The social form in which people produce is called the ‘relations of production.’ Together, the forces and relations of production make up the ‘mode of production.’ The next stage in the argument is more controversial. Initially, the interacting factors in the productive system of a class-based economy, including the forces and relations of production, are in a state of relative equilibrium. The forces of production determine and limit or at least correspond to the relations of production. Let us consider an example to help make this relationship more transparent. The earliest humans reproduced themselves by hunting animals and producing simple crops. Such a society could not produce cars, computers or engage in the mass production we have today. They lacked the tools and knowledge to do so. Knowledge and tools are part of the productive forces, which constrain the nature of the relations of production. This material limitation on what earlier societies could produce also constrained the types of relationships that existed between people. However, at some point the expanding forces of production clash with the contracting relations of production . In mankind’s harnessing of technology, the forces develop more rapidly, and in a direction incompatible with the relations of production. As the capacity to produce expands, the ownership of the means of production contracts. Consequently, the forces of production can no longer freely develop within the confines of the class structure. This conflict between the forces and relations of production intensifies until, by means of revolution, the social relations are reorganised so as to harmonise with the productive forces. It is anticipated that mankind will ultimately establish control over the material powers of the economy.[7] Historians such as Jon Elster and David McLellan have scoured Marx’s writings for evidence of his rationale on historical materialism. Elster points to Das Kapital, Marx’s preface in A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, and what he refers to as ‘rambling, disconnected passages’ in The German Ideology as key sources.[8] He explains: Historical materialism is not simply a theory that accords a privileged place to economic factors. It is, more specifically, a form of technological determinism. The rise and fall of successive property regimes are explained by their tendency to promote or fetter technical change.[9] On Marx’s writings on the historical modes of production, Elster argues that Marx ‘does not provide applications and clarifications of the general theory.’[10] According to Elster, there is no suggestion that each of the three precapitalist modes of production (primitive communism, slave society and feudalism) divides into a progressive stage (in which the relations of production correspond to the forces of production) and a regressive stage (in which the correspondence becomes a contradiction). On the contrary, Marx consistently claims that technology was essentially unchanging from antiquity to the early modern period (with the exception of the invention of gunpowder, the printing press and the compass), and that the destabilising element in the ancient world was not the development of the forces of production but population growth. Elster is also critical of Marx’s account of the (then) impending transition from capitalism to communism. He argues that as Marx insisted that technical change in capitalism was accelerating rather than slowing down, he could not claim that capitalism was moribund in its stagnation. Rather, Elster insists, Marx would have to argue that the proletariat would be motivated by the prospect of a communist society which would benefit from technical change at an even more accelerated pace. This in itself is an unlikely motivation as people revolt when conditions deteriorate or when their expectations of improvement are not fulfilled, rather than when there is an abstract possibility of a society in which conditions could be even better than they are already. McLellan is less critical, appearing to methodically signpost the scholar through the confused abstracts. While he does not specifically mention determinism, he points to it by highlighting the inevitability of worldwide communist revolution above all else. He draws the reader’s attention to the following Marx quotations: Things have come to the point where individuals must appropriate the existing totality of productive forces not merely to achieve self-activity but to secure their very existence. In all appropriations up to now a mass of individuals remained subservient to a single instrument of production. In the appropriation by the proletarians, a mass of instruments of production must be subservient to each individual and the property of all. The only way for individuals to control modern universal interaction is to make it subject to the control of all. Communism is not [†¦] a state of affairs still to be established, not an ideal to which reality will have to adjust. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of affairs. [11] The salient point here is that McLellan draws on these passages to illustrate that socialism for Marx was an economic reality rather than an ethical ideal. This represents a paradigm of determinism in Marx’s writing. The fundamental assumptions of historical materialism as viewed by Marx, irrespective of any period of history, can therefore be summarised as follows: humans are social animals who live in a complex society; human society consists of humans collectively working on nature to make the means to life; human society develops a complex division of labour; over time humans advance their harnessing of nature through the development of science and technology; human beings have the ability to reflect on their society and interaction with nature, but their thinking and organisation are always preconditioned by and dependent on the state of development of their society and of the power structures in their society. Let us now consider whether these assumptions are compatible with the concept of economic determinism. (c) Marxist theory and economic determinism As discussed in section (b), according to Marx, each social mode of production produces the material conditions of its reproduction, that is ideology (which encompasses all the political, law and cultural spheres). Thus ideology permits the mode of production to reproduce itself. Marx also believed that in the event of a revolutionary force changing the mode of production, the dominant class would immediately set out to create a new society to protect this new economic order. In the nineteenth century, Marx felt as if the bourgeoisie had essentially accomplished the establishment of a new societal and economic order, instinctively creating a society protective of their capitalist interests. This prompted Marx (and Engels) to direct this statement from the Communist Manifesto at the bourgeoisie: Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class, made into law for all, a will whose essential character and direction are determined by the economic conditions of the existence of your class.[12] From this, it is argued that Marx and Engels did not believe men could arbitrarily choose any one of several forms of society, but only that one which promotes the prevailing mode of production. The very nature of man’s materialistic constitution requires that he do this. Marx hence criticised man’s alienation, a concept which he latter replaced by the critique of commodity fetishism. ‘Vulgar Marxism’ has considered that the relation between the economical infrastructure and the ideological superstructure was an unicausal one, and thus believed in economic determinism. This has been criticised by Marxist theorists such as Helmut Fleischer, who dismissed it as a form of economism or economic reductionism. He claimed the relationship is much more reciprocal and complex than unilateral determinism would have it. There are also scholars who reject this view. Fleischer highlights those who objected that economic determinism is a meaningless generality, and that any serious historical explanation of economic realities must also refer to non-economic realities. This becomes a more conspicuous problem when it is unclear which branch of determinism is implied. In this respect, when Marx writes of the ‘economic base’ and the ‘ideological superstructure’ of society, he was making a generalisation about the broad sweep of history, to the effect that people ultimately will follow their material self-interests, whatever else they may imagine about their motivations. However, according to Marx, the dynamics of history were shaped precisely by the clash of those interests (class struggle), and that clash could not be understood simply in terms of economic self-interest, because it also involved human traditions and values. The end result of economic determinism in this view is b oth economism (a narrow focus on how people earn their livelihood) and economic reductionism (the attempt to reduce a complex social reality to one factor – i.e. the economic – such that this one factor causes all other aspects of society). This plays directly into the hands of the business class, and ultimately ended in an anti-working class position, whereby the allegiance of the working class is merely a ‘tool’ to be used by the political class to modernise an economy, with the aid of forced labour if need be.[13] Taking the above points into account, it could be argued that Marx considered economic determinism as the creative force in human evolution. He clearly advocated a change in economic structure as the only feasible means by which to effect social change and to refine the intellectual make-up of humanity. His advocacy of the inevitability of worldwide socialist revolution and communist society could certainly be described as deterministic in outlook. At the same time it should be remembered that Marx was fully aware that the economic aspects of life did not constitute the sum total of mankind’s preoccupation and social make-up. On this basis, therefore, it would appear that Marx’s historical materialism is compatible with the specific notion of economic determinism, rather than falling under the broader category of determinism as a whole. Bibliography Berlin, Isaiah, ‘Historical Materialism’ in Tom Bottomore (ed.), Karl Marx (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1973) Easton, Loyd D. Guddat, Kurt H. (trans. ed.), Writings of the young Marx on philosophy and society (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967) Elster, Jon, An Introduction to Karl Marx (Cambridge: CUP, 1986) Fleischer, Helmut, Marxism and History (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1973) McLellan, David, The Thought of Karl Marx: An Introduction (London: Macmillan, 1971) Rader, Melvin, Marx’s Interpretation of History (New York: OUP, 1979) Web references Economic determinism, Online Dictionary of the Social Sciences, maintained by Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada (http://bitbucket.icaap.org) Karl Marx Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, Australian National University (www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html) 1 Footnotes [1] It is almost impossible to discuss Marx’s theories on history without referring to Friedrich Engels, Marx’s lifelong friend, fellow philosopher and co-author of many works. The influence of Engels has been intentionally minimalised for the purposes of this essay as the issue in question refers to Marx alone. [2] Economic determinism, Online Dictionary of the Social Sciences, maintained by Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada (http://bitbucket.icaap.org, accessed July 28, 2006). [3] Helmut Fleischer, Marxism and History (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1973), passim. [4] ibid. [5] Jon Elster, An Introduction to Karl Marx (Cambridge: CUP, 1986), p. 103. [6] Isaiah Berlin, ‘Historical Materialism’ in Tom Bottomore (ed.), Karl Marx (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1973), p. 56. [7] Isaiah Berlin, ‘Historical Materialism’ in Tom Bottomore, op. cit., pp. 58-60; Melvin Rader, Marx’s Interpretation of History (New York: OUP, 1979), pp. 12-14. [8] Jon Elster, op. cit., p. 104. Marx published A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy in London in 1859. Marx and Engles co-wrote The German Ideology during the spring of 1845. It was published posthumously by the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow in 1932. [9] Jon Elster, op. cit., pp. 104-105. [10] ibid, pp. 106-108. [11] Loyd D. Easton Kurt H. Guddat (trans. ed.), Writings of the young Marx on philosophy and society (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967), pp. 426, 467 et seq, reproduced in David McLellan, The Thought of Karl Marx: An Introduction (London: Macmillan, 1971), p. 36. [12] Karl Marx Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party (first published 1848), accessed online at the Australian National University website (http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/ marx/classics/manifesto.html, July 30, 2006). [13] Helmut Fleischer, op. cit., pp. 45 et seq.

Comparing Destruction in Steinbecks Flight and Londons To Build a Fir

Journey to Destruction in Steinbeck's Flight and London's To Build a Fire Not many people have to face death in the cold wasteland of the Arctic or rugged mountains of California, but Pepe and "the man" do. Although the ironic destruction of Pepe and the man were caused by relentless forces of nature, their attitudes and reasons for going on their journeys differed. The setting in both stories consisted of extreme climate and conditions. In Flight the climate was desert hot during the day and chilling cold at night. "The Torres family had their farm, a few sloping acres above a cliff that dropped to the brown reefs and to the hissing white waters of the ocean. Behind the farm the stone mountains stood up against the sky." Pepe spent his last days in the mountains where the conditions were harsh. "His throat was almost closed with thirst. He crawled into the heavy brush feeling with his fingers for water. "There was no water in the bed of the stream, only damp earth." In contrast, the climate in "To Build a Fire" was frigidly cold. "Day had broken cold and gray, ...

Polyethylene and Polyterephthalate are Outdated Essay -- Polymer PET P

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Outdated: Is the World Ready for a New Plastic? Abstract: This paper explains the structure of polymer poly(ethylene terephthalate) also known as PET. It states the properties of the plastic as well recycling methods. My goal was to find out what makes PET the number one plastic, both in consumption as well as the most recycled. I also searched for new polymers that are being created by scientists and compare them to PET to see if there was a plastic out there that is better for the environment. I found a few alternatives that would be able to replace PET but aren’t being used. I also found a fire-proof polymer called BHDB which can replace the previously used polymer. Poly(ethylene terephthalate), a plastic found in soda bottles, peanut butter jars, and even pillow and sleeping bag filling [1], is the most used and recycled plastic. As Americans we use about 2.5 million plastic bottles per hour. Most of this plastic that we are using, though, ends up not only in land fields but in oceans and other undesirable places, only a small portion of it is actually recycled. Plastic are long chains of polymeric molecules. Unlike paper or other compounds, plastics are commonly used for their qualities such as durability weight, processibility, cost, corrosion, and impact resistance. 2 The basic composition of polymers includes oil, coal and natural gas though recently they have been more petroleum-based[1]. About 140 million tons per year are produced and a lot of that ends up as waste in land fields [1]. There are many characteristics PET has that contribute to the popularity of this polymer. Among those characteristics are lightweight, low density, low cost, mechanical toughness, dura... ...e motivated and helping me make my paper the best it can be. Thanks to Ryan Dill for the title idea and lastly the girls of Room 303, without them I’d still be writing the first sentence of my paper. 7 Works Cited [1] â€Å"Biotechnology Advances† Volume 26, Issue 3. ScienceDirect May-June 2008: Pages 246-265. 24 July 2008. 1&_user=4421&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000059598 &_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4421&md5=34933854b44913198526946dc2afce 96> [2] â€Å"PET.† 24 July 2008. [3] â€Å"How to Recycle PET.† KenPlas. 24 July 2008. [4] â€Å"New Enviro-Friendly Flame-Retardant Synthetic Polymer† Posted 31 May 2007. 24 July 2008.

Over Representation of African American Students in the Special Education System. Essay

Introduction My current school has special education roster of 32 students in self contain with over 90% of the students being African-American. This paper will address the large number African-American students in the special education system. Attention will be focus on the social economic roles that play a part in placement. When done properly and in appropriate perspective, special education is beneficial for students with a real disability, but special education services are inappropriate when a student receives it when it is not needed. African-American students are being placed in the special education system at an alarming rate. They are being labeled with disabilities at ages as early as five years old, because they progress slower than the rest of the class, bias in assessment instrument, discrimination in society reflected in the school or they may present some behavior issue. Special education is appropriate placement for students with real disabilities, but minority blacks are being disproportionately place in special education. This unjust placement at early ages are causing these children to be stereotyped as slow learners causing low self esteem and low achievement rate during and after school. This is a major problem when addressing special education for African Americans. Many attempts have been made to solve the issues but there have been no satisfactory results. Theoretical Framework The disproportionate representation of African-Americans students in the special education system is well documented. This misrepresentation has been problematic since the inception of the special education program. This paper will probe the reasons many of these students have been categorized with various type of learning disabilities or emotional disturbances. These labels given to students have proven to be life altering to students given incorrect placement. Lawsuits have been filed charging that placements of high numbers of African American, especially male, in special education classes has been a tool for resisting court ordered desegregation (Harry and Anderson, 1992). In many instances there is a lack of or unwillingness to properly place African American students because of educators in some systems being culturally diverse. Secondly there is a lot of mistrust between educators and parents. Many parents don’t seek appropriate services or disagree with educational placement because they feel they will be see as ignorant or â€Å"talked down† to by teachers and administrators placing their children in special education. This paper will also discuss the long term effects that hinder students educational progress as well as there adult life. Once placed in many special education programs student may not be in line to receive a high school diploma. Many students have difficulties in the community getting jobs because employers feel they will be slower then there counterparts that received a regular education. This then snowballs into the child being placed in a lower social economic bracket because of the type of employment they will have to settle for in adulthood. African-American students are disproportionally placed in the special education system around the country. This misrepresentation is may be due to teacher ineffectiveness. Improving teachers’ capacity to provide culturally responsive instruction to African American students is like to improve student learning ability (Darling-Hammond, 2004). New teachers must meet a vigorous undergraduate program to become certified they continue to graduate enable to effectively teach African American students. Many exit program with a misconception of black students. They think that the African American students are not as smart as other races. The purpose of this study is to prove there is a misrepresentation of African American students in special education. I also plan to illustrate the problem of disproportionate representation of African American students in special education is not just a special education problem issue or concern but, instead, must be viewed in the context as it refers to racism in the whole educational system. I will discuss how racism contributes to and maintains disproportionality in special education by (a) insufficiently funding schools attended primarily by African American and poor children: (b) employing culturally inappropriate and unresponsive curriculum; (c) inadequately preparing educators to effectively teach African American learners and other students of color. I will show that to effectively address the problem of disproportionality, researchers, practitioners and  policymakers must place inequitable educational resource allocation, inappropriate curriculum and pedagogy and inadequate teacher preparation at the center of education research, policy, and practice. Significance of the Study There is much significance for this study. Being a special education teacher I have seen many students come to me because they were a behavioral problem during their elementary years. I believe it is our responsibility to find a solution to this growing problem. First, we as educators, we need to find out if this race of students are get misplaced in the educational system. These students not getting a proper education are causing a negative effect on their entire life. This causes this particular group to have to depend on state aid and weakens the workforce. Secondly, we need to find out if there is a problem with teacher preparedness. If this is a problem we need to figure out what can be done in state colleges and universities to solve these problems. Would adding a more ethically diverse curriculum better prepare teachers to educate African American students? The majority of the teachers coming out of college will be spending there first few years teaching intercity kids, with the majority being African Americans. Finally we need to educate or children to be reliable productive citizens. I feel that these children are not being given an equal shot at being productive if they are being thrown in the special education class in the back of the building. We already know there is a problem, now we need to work together to find a solution that will best benefit the students. Definition of Terms Disproportionate numbers: Having greater representation within a subgroup  compared to the number of students in the population as a whole. Some researchers use plus or minus 10% to determine proportionality (Harry & Anderson, 1994). Discrimination The ability to make or perceive distinction; discernment. Partiality, or bias, in the treatment of a person or group, which is unfair, illegal, etc(Loren & Orfield, 2002). It is my opinion that African American children are being placed in special Education because of biases unfair grouping. High Achieving: School-wide trajectory of API (if in California) and Annual Yearly Progress (AYP) growth over three years of all subgroups. There must also be a minimum movement of two deciles within 3-5 years. ] Special Education: Services and supports designed to minimize the impact of disability and maximize opportunity to grow and learn (Hehir, 2007). Limitation, Delimitation and Assumptions Limitations of Study The limitations of this study would be to find willing participates, because of the reasons I have discussed earlier parents will be willing to admit that their child was placed in special education because of a lack of knowledge on their part. Another limitation that will affect them outcome of this research is because I am directly employed in the parish that I have chosen to do research. This position will limit the effectiveness of my research because of student privacy and my position in the parish. It is also my opinion that school districts will not want to release information that could possible be used against them. As stated before I think students of color or being illegal classified as students with special needs and placed in special education. These are a few factors that could limit my study. Delimitations of the Study  External validity may be effected based on the number of student/parents being interviewed. Validate may be effected due to other minority races not being included in the study. Also the size and school locations may limit my ability to get adequate data to fully prove my hypothesis. The small sample population was feasible for my research rather then venturing out into larger areas. This is significant in that the findings may not be applicable to other schools. Assumptions of the Study References Artiles, A. J. (2003). Special education’s changing identity: Paradoxes and dilemmas in views of culture and space. Harvard Educational Review, 73, 164-202. Artiles, A. J. , Rueda, R. , Salazar, J. J. , & Higareda, I. (2005). Within-group diversity in minority disproportionate representation: English language learners in urban school districts. Exceptional Children, 71, 283-300. Billingsley, B. (2004). Special education teachers’ retention and attrition: A critical analysis of the research literature. Remedial and Special Education, 25, 22-39. Blair, C. , & Scott, K. G. (2002). Proportion of LD placements associated with low socio-economic status: Evidence for gradient. Journal of Special Education, 36, 14-22. Blanchett, W. J. , Mumford, V. , & Beachum, F. (2005). Urban school failure and disproportionality in a post-Brown era. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 70-81. Chamberlain, S. P. (2005). Issues of overrepresentation and educational equity for culturally and linguistically diverse students. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41, 110-113. Countinho, M. J. , Oswald, D. P. , & Best, A. M. (2002). The influence of sociodemographics and gender on the disproportionate identification of minority students as having learning disabilities. Remedial and Special Education, 23, 49-59. Coutinho, M. J. , Oswald, D. P. , Best, A. M. , & Forness, S. R. (2002). Gender and sociodemographic factors and the disproportionate identification of culturally and linguistically diverse students with emotional disturbance. Behavioral Disorders, 27, 109-125. Eitle, T. M. (2002). Special education or racial segregation: Understanding variation in the representation of Black students in educable mentally handicapped programs. The Sociological Quarterly, 43(4), 575-605. Elhoweris, H. , Mutua, K. , Alsheikh, N. , & Holloway, P.(2005). Effect of children’s ethnicity on teachers’ referral and recommendation decisions in gifted and talented programs. Remedial and Special Education, 26(1), 25-31. Ferri, B. A. , & Connor, D. J. (2005). In the shadow of Brown: Special education and overrepresentation of students of color. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 93-100. Hosp, J. L. , & Hosp, M. K. (2002). Behavior differences between African American and Caucasian students: Issues for assessment and intervention. Education and Treatment of Children, 24, 336-350. Hosp, J. L. , & Reschly, D. J. (2002). Predictors of restrictiveness of placement of African American and Caucasian students. Exceptional Children, 14, 20-34. Hosp, J. L. , & Reschly, D. J. (2003). Referral rates for intervention and assessment: A meta-analysis of racial differences. Journal of Special Education, 37, 67-81. Hosp, J. L. , & Reschly, D. J. (2004). Disproportionate representation of minority students in special education: Academic, demographic and economic predictors. Exceptional Children, 70, 185-199. Kurlaender, M. , & Yun, J. T. (2007). Measuring school racial composition and student outcomes in a multiracial society. American Journal of Education, 113, 213-235. Neal, L. V. , McCray, A. D. , Webb-Johnson, G. , & Bridgest, S. T. (2003). The effects of African American movement styles on teachers’ perceptions and reactions. Journal of Special Education, 37, 49-57. O’Connor, C. (2002). Black women beating the odds from one generation to the next: How the changing dynamics of constraint and opportunity affect the process of educational resilience. American Educational Research Journal, 39, 855-903. Park, J. , Turnball, A. P. , & Turnball, H. R. , III (2002). Impacts of poverty on quality of life in families of children with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 68, 151-170. Shealey, M. W. , Lue, M. S. , Brooks, M. , & McCray, E. (2005). Examining the legacy of Brown: The impact on special education and teacher practice. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 113-121. Skiba, R. J. , Michael, R. S. , Nardo, A. C. , & Peterson, R. L. (2002). The color of discipline: Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment. Urban Review, 34, 317-342. Skiba, R. J. , Poloni-Staudinger, L. , Gallini, S. , Simmons, A.B. , & Feggins-Azziz, R. (2006). Disparate access: The disproportionality of African American students with disabilities across educational environments. Exceptional Children, 72, 411-424. Skiba, R. J. , Poloni-Staudinger, L. , Simmons, A. B. , Feggins-Azziz, L. R. , & Chung, C. G. (2005). Unproven links: Can poverty explain ethnic disproportionality in special education? Journal of Special Education, 39, 130-144. Zhang, D. , & Katsiyannis, A. (2002). Minority representation in special education: A persistent challenge. Remedial and Special Education, 21, 180-187.